Gunnar Gunnarsson (May 18, 1889 – November 21, 1975) was an Icelandic author who wrote mainly in Danish. He grew up, in considerable poverty, on Valþjófsstaður in Fljótsdalur valley and on Ljótsstaðir in Vopnafjörður. Despite big difficulties, he became one of the most popular novelists in Denmark and Germany. Often considered one of the most important Icelandic writers, he wrote the novel Af Borgslægtens Historie (translated into English as Guest the One-Eyed), the first Icelandic writing ever made into a movie. He also wrote the autobiographical novel The Church on the Mountain (1923–28). Gunnarsson lost his mother at an early age. Until the age of 18, he worked at the family farm and received his education attending small rural schools. He started early writing poetry and short stories, and published his first books of poems at the age of 17. His family was too poor to provide him with traditional school education, but in 1907 he was finally able to enroll in the Askov Højskole, a Folk High School in Denmark. During the two years he spent there, he became determined to work as a writer. He also decided to write in Danish in order to reach a wider audience. After several difficult years, Gunnarsson published his first novel in 1912, the first volume of Af Borgslægtens Historie (translated into English as Guest the-One Eyed). The second and third volumes were published the following year, the third one becoming a huge success in Denmark, and making his name as a writer. Four volumes appeared in this melodramatic epic relating the story of three generations of Icelandic farmers. Using the Cain and Abel theme, this is the story of two brothers, one of whom is a dreamer forced to choose between his creative longings and duty, while the other is evil incarnated in the first two volumes, but returns as the saint-like Guest the One-Eyed in the third, having atoned for his sins through service to others. World War I brought a streak of pessimism into Gunnarsson's writings. Between 1920 and 1940 he published a number of essays on political and social issues, as well as on Nordic co-operation. He also gave numerous lectures in the Nordic countries and in Germany. In 1939, Gunnarsson moved back to Iceland and first settled on Skriðuklaustur, a farm in East Iceland, where he built a house designed by German architect Fritz Höger. The house was later donated to the Icelandic state and turned into a museum in the memory of the writer. In 1948 Gunnarsson moved to Reykjavík, where he started translating his own works into Icelandic. This task was almost completed before his death in 1975. Gunnarsson's books have been translated into many languages. He was considered for the Nobel prize in literature in 1955, although the Swedish Academy decided to award this to another Icelander, Halldór Laxness. His best-known works, after Guest the One-Eyed, include The Good Shepherd, and The Black Cliffs. He was an admirer of the Icelandic sagas and translated Grettis saga into Danish. In 1911 Gunnarsson published Digte, a collection of poetry dedicated to his lifelong love and companion, Franzisca Antonia Josephine Jørgensen. They were married in 1912. Franzisca Gunnarsson died a year after her husband, and they were both buried in the island of Viðey near Reykjavík, which used to belong to a Catholic church. Gunnarsson was born and raised a Lutheran Protestant, but his wife was a Catholic. Gunnarsson Institute The farm and houses at Skriðuklaustur were donated by the Gunnarssons to the Icelandic state in 1948. After a thorough renovation, the newly founded Gunnarsson Institute was installed in the buildings at Skriðuklaustur in 1997. Its role is to support literary endeavours, with an emphasis on the work of Gunnar Gunnarsson, and to run a residence for artists, writers and scholars. The institute also contributes more generally to the development of the economy in East Iceland. During the late Middle Ages, Skriðuklaustur was the site of a monastery. This is now the subject of an archaeological excavation that started in 2002 and is scheduled to be completed in 2007. Nobel Prize nomination Gunnar Gunnarsson was considered for the Nobel Prize in literature in 1955. The names of Nobel Prize nominees are usually not revealed, but recent information (2005) indicates that this was the third time Gunnarsson was nominated for the prize. The Gunnarsson Institute issued the following declaration in December 2005: The Gunnarsson Institute welcomes recent discoveries clarifying why Gunnar Gunnarsson did not receive the Nobel Prize in Stockholm in 1955. Apparently, instead of basing its decision on the novelist's contribution to world literature, the Swedish Academy was swayed by unjust considerations. Now that half a century has passed since Iceland gained its first Nobel Prize winner in literature, it is time for the truth to be revealed. Hopefully this will happen when the Academy's documents are declassified. Bibliography In Danish Digte (1911) Ormarr Ørlygsson. Af Borgslægtens Historie (1912) Gæst den enøjede. Af Borgslægtens Historie (1913) Den danske frue på Hof. Af Borgslægtens Historie (1913) Den unge Ørn. Af Borgslægtens Historie (1914) Livets Strand (1915) Varg i Veum (1916) Drengen (1917) Små Skuespil (1917) Små Historier (1918) Edbrødre (1918) Salige er de enfoldige (1920) Ringen (1921) Dyret med glorien (1922) Små historier (1922) Den glade gård (1923) Leg med strå (1923) Skibe på himlen (1925) Natten og drømmen (1926) Det nordiske rige (1927) Den uerfarne rejsende (1927) Hugleik den hårdtseljende (1928) Svartfugl (1929) Island (1929) En dag tilovers (1929) Jón Arason (1930) Rævepelsene (1930) Verdens Glæder (1931) Vikivaki (1932) De blindes Hus (1933) Jord (1933) Hvide-Krist (1934) Sagaøen (1935) Gråmand (1936) Advent (1937) Trylle og andet Smaakram (1939) Brandur på Bjarg (1942) Sjælemesse (1953) Sonate ved havet (1955) In English Advent (1939) The Black Cliffs (1967) Guest the One-Eyed (1920) The Good Shepherd (1940) The Night and the Dream (1938) Seven Days' Darkness (1930) Ships of the Sky (1938) The Sworn Brothers (1921) Trylle and Other Small Fry (1947) www.skriduklaustur.is/index.php/en Icelandic Monasteries Icelandic medieval monasteries served as a refuge for men and women who wanted to dedicate their lives to God. In addition to holding a number of religious services throughout the day the monasteries served a practical purpose in society. They played an active role in the local community through the provision of education, aiding the poor and nursing the old and infirm. Monasteries were the cultural focal points of the Middle Ages along with bishopries. Book-making and writing took place there. Two monastic orders In the Middle Ages there were two main monastic orders in Iceland, the order of Benedict and Augustine. The first monastery in Iceland was founded in Þingeyrar in Northwest Iceland in 1133. It was Benedictine. The first Augustine monastery was founded in Flatey in Breiðarfjördur in west Iceland in 1172 but was moved to Helgafell twelve years later. There are nine known monasteries in Iceland though some sources suggest there might have been more. Skriðuklaustur was the last medieval monastery founded in Iceland in 1493. The Augustine monasteries role in society There was a marked difference between the two monastic orders in Iceland. In the Benedictine monasteries the monks and nuns devoted their lives almost exclusively to praying and praising God. In the Augustine monasteries the monks were educated priests called canons and the clerics in charge called priors. The Augustine religious regime was not as strict as in the Benedictine monasteries. Instead, they had an obligation to serve society. Among other things, they had to welcome pilgrims and look after the sick, as well as run schools. sagatrail.is/index.php/en/24-klosterskriduklaustur In 1493 an Augustinian monastery was founded at Skriða in Fljótsdalur (Skriðuklaustur = Skriða Monastery). It remained active until the monasteries were dissolved at the Reformation in 1550. Archaeological excavations on the monastery site since 2002 have revealed extensive buildings on a site 1,200m2 in area. The buildings indicate that the one of the monastery’s main functions was to aid the sick and poor. In the Gunnar Gunnarsson House is an exhibition on the monastery of Skriða, including archaeological finds. There are guided tours around the archaeological site every day in the summer, other times by arrangement. Heilagur Ágústínus Heilagur Ágústínus fæddist í Tagaste, þar sem nú er Alsír, þann 13. nóvember árið 354. Árið 387 var hann skírður í Mílanó af Ambrósíusi biskupi eftir merkilega trúarreynslu. Hann sat í garði í þungum þönkum og sorgmæddur yfir slæmsku heimsins, þegar hann heyrði börn að leik kalla út um glugga „Tolle lege, tolle lege“ sem þýðir „taktu og lestu“. Ágústínus greip biblíuna og fann: „Framgöngum sómasamlega eins og á degi, ekki í ofáti né ofdrykkju, ekki í ólifnaði né saurlífi, ekki í þrætu né öfund, heldur íklæðist Drottni Jesú Kristi, og alið ekki önn fyrir holdinu, svo að það verði til að æsa girndir.” (Rómverjabréfið 13;13) Árið 389 sneri hann aftur til Tagaste og stofnaði til klausturlífs með vinum sínum. Rit Ágústínusar eru iðulega persónuleg og lýsa hans eigin upplifun af Drottni og jafnvel verður Drottinn eins og príór í klaustri, fremstur meðal jafningja og ávallt til reiðu til þess að hjálpa þeim sem eru með honum í veröldinni. Ágústínus lést árið 430 í Hippó í Norður-Afríku þar sem hann var biskup.

Had the joy to spend the day in this amazing cave with a group of great people and i just wanted to share with you my exsperiance. The lava tube cave known as Buri, is situated in Leitahraun-lava field on Reykjanes peninsula. The eruption that formed the Leitahraun-lava field was massive and therefore the lava tube cave Buri is massive. Buri is probably the most prized of all the Icelandic lava tube caves. Bjorn Hroarsson vulcanospeleologist discovered Buri the 7th of may 2005 and that find was considered one of the more remarkable discoveries in Speleology in Iceland for the last 1000 years. Buri is over one kilometer long and has a great width but is difficult to trek. Búri has some spectacular lava formations and it’s size is unrivaled in Iceland, for it runs about 10 meters in height and 10 meters wide in the largest chambers. The last 400 meters of the cave are said to be unrivaled by other similar caves in the world, at the innermost section of the cave, there is a 17 meter high vertical pit made from a lava fall, and is known to be the deepest lava pit on earth. The route through Búri lava tube cave is quite challenging. There is about an hour hike to the entrance and the entrance is very narrow, so narrow that you can´t go through carrying your back pack, you have to slide down with your arms up and the carry on has been transferred between people down through the opening, but when inside you stand in a great chamber filled with ice sculptures and formations of all sizes. Going through the chamber of ice and up the ice slope in the back of the chamber isn’t a trek for everybody, especially not for those that have any kind of health issues and are slightly overweight. My body has bruises and marks all over :0), not serious though, just mostly formed by me crawling between spaces and sometimes me being hypnotised by the sighting and forgetting to be careful and so worth it after being down there exploring. After the ice slope has been climbed, follows a wide and rocky tunnel, the rocky part of the tunnel is almost 700 meters long, but after that the floor is almost completely flat and all the way to the lava pit. There are probably few man made structures that can rival the beauty of Buri lava cave visually, so travelers are given enough time to zip in this extraordinary beauty deep inside the Icelandic landscape. It is a fairytale world down there and pay attention that caving like this can only be done with an exsperianced guide. It is easy to get lost down there and finding your way in the dark. The company i went with is called Extreme Iceland and if your coming to iceland and want some adventure like this you can book the tour upon arrival at the Tourist Info at the international airport in Keflavík or in any of the ITA free booking services in Reykjavík, see link : ita.is/English/Bookingservices/ Hope you all will have a great week ahead Helga

C-GVRA - Avro Lancaster Mk. X - Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum - at Hamilton International Airport (YHM) Finally on the way today - 1 day delay. Good Luck "Vera" The Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum will be flying their prized Avro Lancaster to England on August 4th for a 2 month tour. The Lancaster will join the only other airworthy Lancaster in the world, owned and operated by the Royal Air Force's renowned Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (BBMF), and participate in several events and activities. The Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum's Lancaster will depart from Hamilton, Ontario on August 4th and plan to arrive in England on August 8th. The North Atlantic crossing will include en-route stops at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada, possibly Narsarsuaq, Greenland, and Keflavik, Iceland, prior to arriving at the BBMF, RAF Coningsby. Shortly after arriving, the Lancaster will undergo a scheduled maintenance inspection and then the Canadian crews will complete a short training program with the BBMF in preparation to participate in several air displays and fly pasts with the BBMF Lancaster and fighters starting on August 14th.

Flyer design Kirsten Wylie, aka Babydove! Go Large and Grab it here WOW! One Year! I feel honored to have met so many talented, unique and wonderful people over the last year. I originally started Exposure to learn more about photography. Yet over time, something else began to evolve. Exposure became about the people behind the camera. I love seeing someone’s inner vision. The hardest thing to do in this life is "see the world through someone else’s eyes." Photography bridges that gap and lets us connect. I know I get this feeling inside when someone’s work touches me personally. I get feelings of inspiration and community, an un-spoken connection between us. Flickr is amazing for that! I am able to communicate with people all over the world without saying anything, simply by visual communication. That so powerful!!! Actually, it’s the most powerful creative outlet I have ever come in contact with. I LOVE the friends I have made around the world on Flickr and seeing their posts dailey! Whether it’s Helga (Hkvam) in Iceland, Carmen (Solea) in Holland, Bogna (Quizz) or Abi (miss Pris) in Warsaw, Krystian (Krystian`s PHOTOSynthesis) in Berlin, or CarlosBravo in Monerty Mexio. I I am very honor that EXPOSURE is now in other cities too. That is the highest compliment that can be paid to the Pittsburgh group. People want what we have here. But it took a lot of HARD WORK by people behind the scenes to make EXPOSURE happen in other cities and MAKE IT HAPPEN every month after month! People like Bobby Alcott (Urban Tiki) in Detroit, Dave Kozlowski (traveler20) and Wade Griffith (fixed Image) in Dallas, & Jim (Planet Pixel) in Cleveland. A big THANK YOU to these guys for putting a lot of money and time into making flyers and organizing photographers, confirm venues , gets lights and send email after email! I also want to Thank Steve Hall, Dean Beattie and Craig for helping me here locally with Pittsburgh. Our community here in Pittsburgh is so special to me! This is the most talented group of people I have ever known. I love our circle of influence. I have noticed that after each Exposure show, what ever the style of photography that was shown comes out in peoples work over the next month. I think it’s totally subliminal! I REALLY love that because it means we’re growing as a group! My work has personally grown from each person I have had the INCREDIBLE honor of working with each photographer this past year! I remember when we picked out Steve Hall’s show. I loved how “elegant” his images were, awesome examples of true fine art. Then Dean’s show, the Black and White Master! No one can touch Deans toning or shadows values! I TRULY believe he is a modern day master and I hope to do more for him and ALL of my friends in the future. I remember how funny it was the next few weeks after Dean show, everyone was shooting black & white. : ) Macwagen’s exhibit displayed incredible creations of color and illustration! Dan’s work has such unique vision to it. His graphic design is amazing too—just check the flyer he made for his show. Dan really taught me about color & detail. David’s show (Simple Pleasure), the King at perspective! Dave’s work many signatures to it. But one that is obvious is how he skews perspectives. His compositions are so unique and abstract. I remember all the work post to flickr after his show being very skewed and odd. People were shooting crooked, and at funny angles. Heck, I even shot something upside after that show. I really think its honor when people make work like yours. You have made a connection with them and there are proving that. February of 2005 was Craig’s show & needless to say, he freaking blew the place up. I remember the bartenders at the z:lounge could not keep up with the crowd that night and called in an extra helper. Craig’s work is incredibly passionate and kind toward the people completely over looked by society. One thing that personally touched me about Craig was how he called those people his hero! Really made them feel good, wanted, cared for! He didn’t just take someone’s portrait, he made them feel special then captured their essences! Now that is a true portrait! That is what I learned from him. You don’t just take someone’s picture, you first find out about them, discover them, then capture that image. After learning this about Craig, he became my hero! John (aka Leafy) has such a beautiful love for color and nature, it’s almost as if he is part of it when he captures it. There is something very peaceful and uplifting in his work. I remember after that show, noticing leaves and the colors in them, streams trickling through the woods. I was shooting things I never shot before thanks to John’s influence. John comes to EVERY Exposure and always has images up that night. Thank you! John has really support this from the beginning! Thank John!!!! Julie’s show was REALLY Cool. Not only was it a DANCE party, but her work rocked as well! Julie’s work quietly stole the group show we had at Garfield Art Works the month before. I still remember getting so many compliments on her work from total strangers. When she did her solo show, I remember helping her choose the final pieces. I looked through her entire stream starting at the first page. I kept noticing a consistency in Julies work. She captures shadows and reflections a lot. And she is very good at it! After her show, once again, not only was I shooting shadows and reflections, but so was everyone else. I still to this day notice them and look for them! After Julies show, we had a special out-a-town guest; Shortcake26 did me the honor of providing a New York show in Pittsburgh. I choose the work and asked her to show it, the funny part is that she is a nature and child photographer. She doesn’t care for NYC much, and the fact that I asked her to do a NYC show was pretty funny. Thank you Rachel! July was a very special treat; we had the international work of Mark Nobil, MKNOBIL! Mark is one of the most electrifying people I have met. I simply love him to death! He is a professional videographer and travels the world for people like Discovery Channel and National Geographic! I remember hanging out at his house, and looking through his work. Marks hard drive was littered with thousands of images. My jaw dropped as I looked at incredible images from China, India, Vietnam, Russia, and Africa to name a few places he has been. That entire evening, I remember thinking quietly to myself, “Wow, this guy is doing a show for me!” It was a proud moment. Thank you Mark! The next show brought the “Silent Leader” of our group to the table! :) Why Silent? Because Chuck (aka Elston) is a guy who leads from the rear, quietly, meaning he lets people be themselves and doesn’t try to change or conform them to one particular idea. Kirsten and I had the pleasure of getting to hang out at Chuck and Julies and looking through his work before his show. I never knew he made artistic collages. Or that he collected old photographs from flea markets. He gave us both piles of them and told us to pick out our favorites, then we talked about them. I kept noticing that he collects ANY image that had the photographers shadow in it. “How neat is that” I quietly thought to myself. Something I always thought was a mistake before, I now thought was cool. I will admit I have now been shooting my own shadow and looking for it in other people’s shots. It was cool to see where Julie’s influences were coming from. And Last but Not Least, Sharon’s show (aka Sharwest). Sharon has brought so much energy and fun to these shows! It just doesn’t seem like Exposure until Sharon arrives. I really enjoyed Sharon’s show because it came at a time that I was discovering photojournalism for myself. Her images took us on a tour of Burning Man and made me want to go. I LOVED her flyer and it was my favorite until this last one. Thank You Sharon! When Kirsten and I talked about the flyer I mentioned, “I want this flyer and this show to be about the people of Exposure.” We couldn’t fit everyone on because of time, but I know who you are, all of you, and I TRULY THANK YOU! Thank you for coming and smiling and dancing and snapping your camera! Thank you for being apart of this and making it into the family it has become. None of this could ever happen without you. We really have something special here. It is independent of any labels or movements or politics. It belongs to us and I love to see people take care of it, respect it and make it happen. Thanks for making this past year the BEST YEAR OF MY LIFE! I have been Wonderfully Blessed by God to have this in my life. Here is to you Pittsburgh! YOU ROCK!!!!!!!!!! Sincerely Joey

Foggy day at Hornafjörður Iceland.

Identifier: historyofunited01andr Title: History of the United States from the earliest discovery of America to the present time Year: 1912 (1910s) Authors: Andrews, Elisha Benjamin, 1844-1917 James, James Alton, 1864-1962 Subjects: United States -- History Publisher: New York : Charles Scribner's Sons Contributing Library: New York Public Library Digitizing Sponsor: MSN View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: teenth century. It is a pleasing narrative,that of Lief Ericsons sail in iooo-iooi toHelluland, Markland, and at last to Vine-land, and of the subsequent tours by Thor-wald Ericson in 1002, Thorfinn Karlsefne,1007-1009, and of Helge and Finnborge inion, to points still farther away. Suchvoyages probably occurred. As is wellknown, Helluland has been interpreted tobe Newfoundland; Markland, Nova Scotia;and Vineland, the country bordering MountHope Bay in Bristol, R. I. These identi-fications are possibly correct, and even ifthey are mistaken, Vineland may still havebeen somewhere upon the coast of what isnow the United States. In the present condition of the evidence,however, we have to doubt this. Noscholar longer believes that the writing iooo] COLUMBUS 39 on Dighton Rock is Norse, or that thecelebrated Skeleton in Armor found atFall River was a Northmans, or that theold Stone Mill at Newport was constructedby men from Iceland. Even if the manu-scripts, composed between three and four Text Appearing After Image: Dighton Rock hundred years after the events which theyare alleged to narrate, are genuine, and ifthe statements contained in them are true,the latter are far too indefinite to let usbe sure that they are applicable to UnitedStates localities. But were we to go so far as to admitthat the Northmen came here and began 4o DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT [1260 the settlements ascribed to them, they cer-tainly neither appreciated nor publishedtheir exploits. Their colony, wherever itwas, endured but for a day, and it, with itslocality, speedily passed from knowledge inScandinavia itself. America had not yet,in effect, been discovered. We must remember that long anterior to Columbussday unbiassedand thoughtfulmen had cometo believe theearth to beround. Theyalso knew that The Old Stone Mill at Newport, R. I. Europe con-stituted but a small part of it. In the year1260 the Venetian brothers Niccolo andMafTeo Polo made their way to China, thefirst men from Western Europe ever totravel so far. They retu Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Iceland

Getting in the water although freezing cold and just knee height was totally worth it as capturing shots like this main all the cold knife like pain worthwhile. Love this canyon in Iceland … Can not wait for the return visit in 10 weeks on my photo tour of Iceand … If you or someone you know is interested in joining my small group for an adventure of a lifetime I have 2 more spots available in this small group … Email me and I can give you all the details … Cheers Neal

Taken on my bicycle tour around Iceland.

Icelandic horses are a hardy breed, they're so well insulated they stay outside all year round and aren't bothered by a coating of snow. These photos are from my Christmas 2011 trip to Reykjavik. I arrived on the 23rd to a snow covered city, with cute little houses and fairy lights in every window. A lot of the trip was spent mooching about and relaxing, with a little sight seeing and of course the Golden Circle tour of the main sights outside Reykjavik with the excellent Iceland Guided Tours. The quality of the shots isn't quite as good as i'd hoped, partly due to it being -6 out when I took some of them, meaning it was a quick snap then back into the warm...and also due to not knowing it's a good idea to turn off VR on your lens when using an ND grad...oops!

Kirkjufellsfoss in Iceland

An extraordinary terrain in Iceland.

Seljalandsfoss in Iceland

A roadside view in Iceland.