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Secma F16 - Circuit Val de Vienne - 15/11/2014 - Image Picture Photography - Organisateur : Club AGC86 Vienne - https://www.twin-loc.fr

Branches et Loisirs, Trappes, France
SECMA est sur Facebook : www.facebook.com/secmavehicules SECMA F-16 : cabriolet deux places, équipé d'un moteur 4 cylindres d'origine Renault de 1 598 cm³ développant 105 ch. Secma (Société d'étude et de construction de mécanique automobile) est un constructeur automobile français, créé par Daniel Renard en 1995, installé à Aniche, dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Initialement installée à Lambres la société emménage à Aniche en 1995 sur 8 500 m² d'entrepôts dans l'ancienne verrerie de Boussois. La production est orientée vers les modèles de loisirs dont 70 % sont destinés à l'exportation. Le 27 mai 2009, l'entreprise est détruite par un incendie. Depuis l'incendie, la société a fait peau neuve dans de nouveaux locaux modernes et fonctionnels. En 2012, l'arrivée d'un nouveau modèle sans permis, le Fun Lander marque un renouveau. Par ailleurs, la société continue la commercialisation de son célèbre modèle F16, roadster puissant et abordable. Ce roadster a connu une évolution importante depuis sa commercialisation en 2008. Une gamme étoffée d'accessoires performance est proposée aux clients désirant une auto encore plus affûtée. Des accessoires confort ont également fait leur apparition : Toit découvrable, accoudoir brodé, le rendant encore plus polyvalent et accessible à tous. TYPE MOTORISATION - Moteur 16 soupapes, 1,6 l d’origine RENAULT - 4 Cylindres en ligne injection essence - Position centrale arrière - Cylindrée 1598 cm3 - Puissance fiscale 6 CV - Alésage 79,5 mm - Course 80,5 mm - Puissance 105 cv à 5750 trs/min (77 kW) - Couple 148 Nm à 3750 trs/min - Régime Maxi 6300 trs/min - Emissions EURO 5 - Emissions de Co² 131 grammes/kms (pas de taxe pollution) TRANSMISSION - Aux roues AR avec boîte 5 vitesses + Marche arrière DIRECTION - Colonne de direction télescopique en cas de choc - Direction a crémaillère CHASSIS - Poutre en acier mécano soudé faisant office de réservoir SUSPENSION - Indépendante sur les 4 roues - AV : Doubles triangles avec ressorts hélicoïdaux et amortisseurs hydrauliques - AR : Bras tirés avec ressorts hélicoïdaux et amortisseurs hydrauliques PNEUMATIQUES - AV : 195/50/R15 - AR : 225/45 Z R16 FREINAGE - Hydraulique à double circuit - AV : Disques ventilés - AR : Disques CARROSSERIE - Carrosserie monocoque rotomoulée en polyéthylène haute résistance - Capots et tableau de bord en ABS PMMA thermoformé HABITACLE - Système de chauffage, dégivrage - Volant sport en alliage - Pédalier réglable EQUIPEMENTS - Jantes en alliage d’aluminium - Echappement inox - Prises d’air latérales - Spoiler avant DIMENSIONS - Longueur : 2787 mm - Largeur : 1640 mm - Hauteur : 1140 mm - Empattement : 2000 mm - Garde au sol : 150 mm - Porte à faux : AV : 477 mm / AR : 310 mm - Poids : 560 kg (en ordre de marche) - Répartition : AV 262 Kg (2/5) / AR 396 Kg (3/5) PERFORMANCES - 0 à 100km/h : 5,9 s - Vitesse Maxi : 180 km / h CONSOMMATION - Urbaine : 8,5 l / 100 kms - Extra urbaine : 4,4 l / 100 kms - Mixte : 5,9 l / 100 kms - Capacité du réservoir : 26 l SECMA F16 : two-seater convertible , equipped with a 4-cylinder engine original Renault 1598 cc develops 105 hp . Secma ( Society for the Study and construction of auto mechanics ) is a French automobile manufacturer , created by Daniel Fox in 1995, installed Aniche in the Nord-Pas -de- Calais. Initially installed Lambres the company moved in 1995 to Aniche on 8500 m² of warehouses in the old glassware Boussois . Production is oriented leisure patterns which 70% are for export . On 27 May 2009 , the company was destroyed by fire. Since the fire , the company gets a makeover in new modern and functional premises. In 2012, the arrival of a new model without a license, the Fun Lander brand renewal. In addition, the company continues to market its famous model F16 , powerful and affordable roadster . This roadster has evolved significantly since its launch in 2008. An expanded range of performance accessories is offered to customers who need even more sharp self . Of comfort accessories have also emerged : Roof discoverable , embroidered armrest , making it even more versatile and accessible to all. TYPE ENGINE - Engine 16-valve 1.6-liter Original RENAULT - 4 cylinders inline fuel injection - Rear center position - Capacity 1598 cm3 - Tax Power 6 hp - Bore 79.5 mm - Stroke 80.5 mm - Power 105 hp at 5750 rev / min (77 kW) - Torque 148 Nm at 3750 rev / min - Plan Maxi 6300 rev / min - Emissions EURO 5 - Co ² emissions 131 g / km ( not tax pollution) TRANSMISSION - In the rear wheels with 5-speed + Reverse DIRECTION - Telescopic steering column crash - Branch rack CHASSIS - Welded steel beam acting as a reservoir SUSPENSION - Independent on all 4 wheels - Front: Double wishbones with coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers - AR : Arm drawn with coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers TYRES - Front: 195/50/R15 - Rear: 225/45 R16 Z BRAKING - Hydraulic dual circuit - Front: Ventilated discs - AR : Hard BODY - Unitized body rotomolded high strength polyethylene - Hoods and dashboard ABS thermoformed PMMA COCKPIT - Heating system , defrost - Steering alloy sport - Adjustable Pedals EQUIPMENT - Alloy aluminum alloy - Stainless steel exhaust - Catch side air - Front spoiler DIMENSIONS - Length: 2787 mm - Width: 1640 mm - Height: 1140 mm - Wheelbase : 2000 mm - Ground clearance : 150 mm - Overhang : Front: 477 mm / rear : 310 mm - Weight: 560 kg ( curb ) - Distribution : AV 262 Kg (2/ 5) / AR 396 Kg ( 3/5) PERFORMANCE - 0 -100km / h: 5.9 s - Top speed: 180 km / h CONSUMPTION - Urban : 8.5 l / 100 km - Extra urban : 4.4 l / 100 km - Mixed : 5.9 l / 100 km - Fuel tank capacity: 26 l SECMA F16 : biplaza descapotable , equipado con un motor de 4 cilindros originales Renault 1.598 cc desarrolla 105 CV . Secma ( Sociedad para el Estudio y la construcción de la mecánica automotriz ) es un fabricante de automóviles francés , creado por Daniel Fox en 1995 , instalado Aniche en el Nord- Pas -de- Calais. Lambres instalado Inicialmente la empresa se trasladó en 1995 a Aniche en 8.500 m² de almacenes en el antiguo Boussois cristalería. La producción está orientada patrones de ocio que el 70% son para la exportación. El 27 de mayo de 2009, la compañía fue destruido por el fuego. Desde el incendio , la empresa obtiene un cambio de imagen en las nuevas instalaciones modernas y funcionales . En 2012 , la llegada de un nuevo modelo sin licencia , la marca renovación Diversión Lander . Además , la empresa sigue comercializando su famoso modelo F16 , potente y asequible roadster . Este roadster ha evolucionado considerablemente desde su lanzamiento en 2008 . Una gama más amplia de accesorios de rendimiento se ofrece a los clientes que pueden necesitar aún más fuerte auto . De accesorios de confort también han surgido : Techo detectable , reposabrazos bordado, lo que hace aún más versátil y accesible a todos. TIPO MOTOR - Motor de 16 válvulas de 1.6 litros original RENAULT - 4 cilindros de inyección de combustible en línea - Posición central trasera - Capacidad 1598 cm3 - Potestad Tributaria, 6 CV - Calibre 79,5 mm - Carrera 80,5 mm - Potencia 105 CV a 5750 rev / min ( 77 kW) - Par de 148 Nm a 3750 rev / min - Maxi Plan de 6300 rev / min - Las emisiones EURO 5 - Las emisiones de CO ² 131 g / km (no contaminación de impuestos) TRANSMISIÓN - En las ruedas traseras con 5 velocidades + reversa DIRECCIÓN - Accidente de la columna de dirección telescópica - Bastidor Rama CHASIS - Soldado actuación viga de acero como un reservorio SUSPENSIÓN - Independiente en las 4 ruedas - Delantero: doble triángulo con muelles helicoidales y amortiguadores hidráulicos - AR : Brazo dibujado con muelles helicoidales y amortiguadores hidráulicos NEUMÁTICOS - Delanteros: 195/50/R15 - Trasero : 225/45 R16 Z FRENADO - Doble circuito hidráulico - Delanteros: discos ventilados - AR : Hard CUERPO - Carrocería unificada rotomoldeado de polietileno de alta resistencia - Campanas y el tablero del ABS PMMA termoconformado CABINA - El sistema de calefacción , descongelación - Sport aleación Directivo - Pedales ajustables EQUIPOS - Aleación de aluminio de aleación - Escape de acero inoxidable - De aire lateral Catch - Spoiler delantero DIMENSIONES - Longitud: 2787 mm - Anchura: 1.640 mm - Altura: 1140 mm - Distancia entre ejes : 2000 mm - Altura libre al suelo : 150 mm - Proyección : Frontal: 477 mm / trasera : 310 mm - Peso: 560 kg ( bordillos ) - Distribución: AV 262 Kg (2/ 5) / AR 396 Kg ( 3/5) RENDIMIENTO - 0 a 100 km / h: 5,9 s - Velocidad máxima : 180 kmh CONSUMO - Urbana: 8,5 l / 100 km - Extraurbano : 4,4 l / 100 km - Mixto: 5,9 l / 100 km - Capacidad del depósito de combustible: 26 l SECMA F16 : Zweisitzer- Cabrio, mit einem 4 -Zylinder-Motor ausgestattet Original Renault 1598 ccm leistet 105 PS. Secma ( Gesellschaft für die Erforschung und den Bau von Kfz-Mechaniker ) ist ein Französisch Automobilhersteller , von Daniel Fox im Jahr 1995 erstellt wurde, Aniche in der Region Nord -Pas -de-Calais installiert . Zunächst installiert Lambres zog das Unternehmen im Jahr 1995 auf über 8500 m² Aniche von Lagerhäusern in der alten Glaswaren Boussois . Die Produktion wird Freizeitverhalten , die 70% sind für den Export ausgerichtet. Am 27. Mai 2009 wurde das Unternehmen durch Feuer zerstört. Da das Feuer erhält das Unternehmen ein neues Gesicht in neue, moderne und funktionale Räumlichkeiten . Im Jahr 2012 , die Ankunft eines neuen Modells ohne eine Lizenz , die Spaß Lander Marke Erneuerung. Darüber hinaus setzt das Unternehmen seine berühmten Modell F16 , leistungsstarke und bezahlbare Roadster auf den Markt . Dieser Roadster hat sich seit seiner Markteinführung im Jahr 2008 entwickelt. Eine erweiterte Palette von Performance- Zubehör an Kunden, die mehr benötigen scharfe Selbst angeboten . Von Komfort-Zubehör sind auch entstanden : Dach erkennbar , bestickte Armlehne , so dass es noch vielseitiger und für alle zugänglich. TYPE MOTOR - 16-Ventil- Motor 1,6-Liter- Original- RENAULT - 4 Zylinder Inline- Kraftstoffeinspritzung - Heckmittelstellung - Fassungsvermögen 1598 cm3 - Steuer Power 6 PS - Bohrung 79,5 mm - Hub 80,5 mm - Leistung 105 PS bei 5750 U / min ( 77 kW ) - Drehmoment 148 Nm bei 3750 U / min - Plan Maxi 6300 U / min - Emissions EURO 5 - Co ²-Emissionen 131 g / km (nicht Steuerbelastung ) ÜBERTRAGUNG - In die Hinterräder mit 5- Gang + R RICHTUNG - Teleskop- Lenksäule Absturz - Zweig Rack CHASSIS - Betonstahlträger, der als ein Reservoir SUSPENSION - Unabhängige auf alle 4 Räder - Front: Doppelquerlenker mit Schraubenfedern und hydraulischen Stoßdämpfern - AR : Arm mit Schraubenfedern und hydraulischen Stoßdämpfern gezogen REIFEN - Vorne: 195/50/R15 - Hinten: 225/45 R16 Z BREMSEN - Hydraulische Zweikreis- - Front: belüftete Scheiben - AR : Fest BODY - Unitized Körper rotomolded hochfesten Polyethylen - Hauben und Armaturenbrett thermogeformten ABS PMMA COCKPIT - Heizung , Abtauung - Lenk Legierung Sport - Verstellbare Pedale AUSRÜSTUNG - Aluminiumlegierung Alloy - Edelstahl- Abgas - Fang seitlichen Luft - Frontspoiler MASSE - Länge: 2787 mm - Breite: 1640 mm - Höhe: 1140 mm - Radstand: 2000 mm - Bodenfreiheit: 150 mm - Überhang: Front: 477 mm / hinten: 310 mm - Gewicht: 560 kg ( Bordstein ) - Vertrieb: AV 262 kg ( 2/5) / AR 396 kg ( 3/5) PERFORMANCE - 0 -100km / h : 5,9 s - Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 180 km / h VERBRAUCH - Urban: 8,5 l / 100 km - Ausserorts: 4,4 l / 100 km - Mixed : 5,9 l / 100 km - Tankinhalt: 26 l SECMA F16 : двухместный кабриолет , оснащенный 4-цилиндровым двигателем оригинальный Renault объемом 1598 куб развивается 105 л.с. . Secma ( общество по изучению и строительство автомехаников ) является французским производителем автомобиль , созданный Даниэлем Fox в 1995 году, установлен Aniche в Норд- Па-де- Кале. Первоначально установлен Lambres компания переехала в 1995 году до Aniche на 8500 м ² складов в старом посуды Boussois . Производство ориентировано отдыха узоры которых 70% идет на экспорт . 27 мая 2009 года, компания была уничтожена пожаром . С огнем , компания получает макияж в новых современных и функциональных помещений . В 2012 году приход новой модели без лицензии , продлении марки Fun Lander . Кроме того , компания продолжает продавать свою знаменитую модель F16 , мощный и доступный родстер . Это родстер значительно изменилась с момента ее запуска в 2008 году. Расширенный набор аксессуаров производительности предлагается клиентам , которые нуждаются в еще более резкое себя. Комфорта аксессуаров появились также : крыши обнаруживаются автоматически, подлокотник вышитый , что делает его еще более универсальным и доступным для всех . ТИП ДВИГАТЕЛЬ - Двигатель 16-клапанный 1,6-литровый Оригинал RENAULT - 4 цилиндров рядный впрыска топлива - Положение заднего центр - Емкость 1598 см3 - Налоговая мощность 6 л.с. - Диаметр 79,5 мм - Ход 80.5 мм - Мощность 105 л.с. при 5750 об / мин ( 77 кВт ) - Крутящий момент 148 Нм при 3750 об / мин - План Макси 6300 об / мин - Выбросы EURO 5 - Выбросы CO ² 131 г / км ( не налог загрязнения) ПЕРЕДАЧА - В задними колесами с 5-ступенчатой ​​+ Reverse НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ - Телескопическая рулевая колонка аварии - Филиал стойки ШАССИ - Стальные сварные балки , действующий в качестве резервуара ПОДВЕСКА - Независимый на всех 4 колесах - Передняя : Двойные поперечные рычаги с пружинами и гидравлическими амортизаторами - А.Р.: рука обращается со спиральными пружинами и гидравлическими амортизаторами ШИНЫ - Фронт: 195/50/R15 - Сзади: 225/45 R16 Z ТОРМОЗНАЯ - Гидравлический двухконтурный - Фронт: Дисковые вентилируемые - А.Р.: Жесткий ТЕЛО - Унифицированная тело rotomolded полиэтилен высокой прочности - Вытяжки и приборная панель ABS термоформованную ПММА КОКПИТ - Система отопления , размораживание - Руль сплав спорт - Регулируемые педали ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ - Сплав алюминиевый сплав - Вытяжной из нержавеющей стали - Поймайте боковые подушки - Передний спойлер РАЗМЕРЫ - Длина: 2787 мм - Ширина: 1640 мм - Высота: 1140 мм - Колесная база : 2000 мм - Дорожный просвет: 150 мм - Свес : передний : 477 мм / сзади : 310 мм - Вес: 560 кг ( бордюрные ) - Распространения: А.В. 262 кг ( 2/5) / AR 396 кг ( 3/5) ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ - 0 - 100км / ч : 5,9 с - Максимальная скорость: 180 км / ч РАСХОД - Городские : 8.5 л / 100 км - Загородный цикл : 4.4 л / 100 км - Смешанная : 5.9 л / 100 км - Емкость топливного бака : 26 л commercial pick-up truck italy 6th grade classified auto futur empresas race car design selling moto model f1 engine 2014 circuit fire hat drawing picture triangle bra contaminacion de aire office party getting pied maserati racing car mercedes-benz s coupe tired champion eos 5D mark ii 2 lens canon car auto coche indianapolis magy court lotus ferrari renault peugeot drapeau france gewicht bordeaux car drawing french pedal study hard bmw engine f1 car air pollution oil exito cars europe ferrari model moving rain permanent maserati motorcycle gang bra accord coupe wheels speed vitesse podemos circuit circuito fire enfine game programming computer drift explorer explore turbo pression biggest super sport car in the world daytona 1964 grand prix king m3 mercedes bmw travel voyage land sea colors town city road rue route line pick up truck grade aclassified auto f1 party champion eos coupe lens canon 5d mark 2 coche porsche lotus renault peugeot alfa romeo alpine mini clio megane RS www.twin-loc.fr
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Secma F16 - Circuit Val de Vienne - 15/11/2014 - Image Picture Photography - Organisateur : Club AGC86 Vienne - www.agc86.fr https://www.tw

Branches et Loisirs, Trappes, France
SECMA est sur Facebook : www.facebook.com/secmavehicules SECMA F-16 : cabriolet deux places, équipé d'un moteur 4 cylindres d'origine Renault de 1 598 cm³ développant 105 ch. Secma (Société d'étude et de construction de mécanique automobile) est un constructeur automobile français, créé par Daniel Renard en 1995, installé à Aniche, dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Initialement installée à Lambres la société emménage à Aniche en 1995 sur 8 500 m² d'entrepôts dans l'ancienne verrerie de Boussois. La production est orientée vers les modèles de loisirs dont 70 % sont destinés à l'exportation. Le 27 mai 2009, l'entreprise est détruite par un incendie. Depuis l'incendie, la société a fait peau neuve dans de nouveaux locaux modernes et fonctionnels. En 2012, l'arrivée d'un nouveau modèle sans permis, le Fun Lander marque un renouveau. Par ailleurs, la société continue la commercialisation de son célèbre modèle F16, roadster puissant et abordable. Ce roadster a connu une évolution importante depuis sa commercialisation en 2008. Une gamme étoffée d'accessoires performance est proposée aux clients désirant une auto encore plus affûtée. Des accessoires confort ont également fait leur apparition : Toit découvrable, accoudoir brodé, le rendant encore plus polyvalent et accessible à tous. TYPE MOTORISATION - Moteur 16 soupapes, 1,6 l d’origine RENAULT - 4 Cylindres en ligne injection essence - Position centrale arrière - Cylindrée 1598 cm3 - Puissance fiscale 6 CV - Alésage 79,5 mm - Course 80,5 mm - Puissance 105 cv à 5750 trs/min (77 kW) - Couple 148 Nm à 3750 trs/min - Régime Maxi 6300 trs/min - Emissions EURO 5 - Emissions de Co² 131 grammes/kms (pas de taxe pollution) TRANSMISSION - Aux roues AR avec boîte 5 vitesses + Marche arrière DIRECTION - Colonne de direction télescopique en cas de choc - Direction a crémaillère CHASSIS - Poutre en acier mécano soudé faisant office de réservoir SUSPENSION - Indépendante sur les 4 roues - AV : Doubles triangles avec ressorts hélicoïdaux et amortisseurs hydrauliques - AR : Bras tirés avec ressorts hélicoïdaux et amortisseurs hydrauliques PNEUMATIQUES - AV : 195/50/R15 - AR : 225/45 Z R16 FREINAGE - Hydraulique à double circuit - AV : Disques ventilés - AR : Disques CARROSSERIE - Carrosserie monocoque rotomoulée en polyéthylène haute résistance - Capots et tableau de bord en ABS PMMA thermoformé HABITACLE - Système de chauffage, dégivrage - Volant sport en alliage - Pédalier réglable EQUIPEMENTS - Jantes en alliage d’aluminium - Echappement inox - Prises d’air latérales - Spoiler avant DIMENSIONS - Longueur : 2787 mm - Largeur : 1640 mm - Hauteur : 1140 mm - Empattement : 2000 mm - Garde au sol : 150 mm - Porte à faux : AV : 477 mm / AR : 310 mm - Poids : 560 kg (en ordre de marche) - Répartition : AV 262 Kg (2/5) / AR 396 Kg (3/5) PERFORMANCES - 0 à 100km/h : 5,9 s - Vitesse Maxi : 180 km / h CONSOMMATION - Urbaine : 8,5 l / 100 kms - Extra urbaine : 4,4 l / 100 kms - Mixte : 5,9 l / 100 kms - Capacité du réservoir : 26 l SECMA F16 : two-seater convertible , equipped with a 4-cylinder engine original Renault 1598 cc develops 105 hp . Secma ( Society for the Study and construction of auto mechanics ) is a French automobile manufacturer , created by Daniel Fox in 1995, installed Aniche in the Nord-Pas -de- Calais. Initially installed Lambres the company moved in 1995 to Aniche on 8500 m² of warehouses in the old glassware Boussois . Production is oriented leisure patterns which 70% are for export . On 27 May 2009 , the company was destroyed by fire. Since the fire , the company gets a makeover in new modern and functional premises. In 2012, the arrival of a new model without a license, the Fun Lander brand renewal. In addition, the company continues to market its famous model F16 , powerful and affordable roadster . This roadster has evolved significantly since its launch in 2008. An expanded range of performance accessories is offered to customers who need even more sharp self . Of comfort accessories have also emerged : Roof discoverable , embroidered armrest , making it even more versatile and accessible to all. TYPE ENGINE - Engine 16-valve 1.6-liter Original RENAULT - 4 cylinders inline fuel injection - Rear center position - Capacity 1598 cm3 - Tax Power 6 hp - Bore 79.5 mm - Stroke 80.5 mm - Power 105 hp at 5750 rev / min (77 kW) - Torque 148 Nm at 3750 rev / min - Plan Maxi 6300 rev / min - Emissions EURO 5 - Co ² emissions 131 g / km ( not tax pollution) TRANSMISSION - In the rear wheels with 5-speed + Reverse DIRECTION - Telescopic steering column crash - Branch rack CHASSIS - Welded steel beam acting as a reservoir SUSPENSION - Independent on all 4 wheels - Front: Double wishbones with coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers - AR : Arm drawn with coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers TYRES - Front: 195/50/R15 - Rear: 225/45 R16 Z BRAKING - Hydraulic dual circuit - Front: Ventilated discs - AR : Hard BODY - Unitized body rotomolded high strength polyethylene - Hoods and dashboard ABS thermoformed PMMA COCKPIT - Heating system , defrost - Steering alloy sport - Adjustable Pedals EQUIPMENT - Alloy aluminum alloy - Stainless steel exhaust - Catch side air - Front spoiler DIMENSIONS - Length: 2787 mm - Width: 1640 mm - Height: 1140 mm - Wheelbase : 2000 mm - Ground clearance : 150 mm - Overhang : Front: 477 mm / rear : 310 mm - Weight: 560 kg ( curb ) - Distribution : AV 262 Kg (2/ 5) / AR 396 Kg ( 3/5) PERFORMANCE - 0 -100km / h: 5.9 s - Top speed: 180 km / h CONSUMPTION - Urban : 8.5 l / 100 km - Extra urban : 4.4 l / 100 km - Mixed : 5.9 l / 100 km - Fuel tank capacity: 26 l SECMA F16 : biplaza descapotable , equipado con un motor de 4 cilindros originales Renault 1.598 cc desarrolla 105 CV . Secma ( Sociedad para el Estudio y la construcción de la mecánica automotriz ) es un fabricante de automóviles francés , creado por Daniel Fox en 1995 , instalado Aniche en el Nord- Pas -de- Calais. Lambres instalado Inicialmente la empresa se trasladó en 1995 a Aniche en 8.500 m² de almacenes en el antiguo Boussois cristalería. La producción está orientada patrones de ocio que el 70% son para la exportación. El 27 de mayo de 2009, la compañía fue destruido por el fuego. Desde el incendio , la empresa obtiene un cambio de imagen en las nuevas instalaciones modernas y funcionales . En 2012 , la llegada de un nuevo modelo sin licencia , la marca renovación Diversión Lander . Además , la empresa sigue comercializando su famoso modelo F16 , potente y asequible roadster . Este roadster ha evolucionado considerablemente desde su lanzamiento en 2008 . Una gama más amplia de accesorios de rendimiento se ofrece a los clientes que pueden necesitar aún más fuerte auto . De accesorios de confort también han surgido : Techo detectable , reposabrazos bordado, lo que hace aún más versátil y accesible a todos. TIPO MOTOR - Motor de 16 válvulas de 1.6 litros original RENAULT - 4 cilindros de inyección de combustible en línea - Posición central trasera - Capacidad 1598 cm3 - Potestad Tributaria, 6 CV - Calibre 79,5 mm - Carrera 80,5 mm - Potencia 105 CV a 5750 rev / min ( 77 kW) - Par de 148 Nm a 3750 rev / min - Maxi Plan de 6300 rev / min - Las emisiones EURO 5 - Las emisiones de CO ² 131 g / km (no contaminación de impuestos) TRANSMISIÓN - En las ruedas traseras con 5 velocidades + reversa DIRECCIÓN - Accidente de la columna de dirección telescópica - Bastidor Rama CHASIS - Soldado actuación viga de acero como un reservorio SUSPENSIÓN - Independiente en las 4 ruedas - Delantero: doble triángulo con muelles helicoidales y amortiguadores hidráulicos - AR : Brazo dibujado con muelles helicoidales y amortiguadores hidráulicos NEUMÁTICOS - Delanteros: 195/50/R15 - Trasero : 225/45 R16 Z FRENADO - Doble circuito hidráulico - Delanteros: discos ventilados - AR : Hard CUERPO - Carrocería unificada rotomoldeado de polietileno de alta resistencia - Campanas y el tablero del ABS PMMA termoconformado CABINA - El sistema de calefacción , descongelación - Sport aleación Directivo - Pedales ajustables EQUIPOS - Aleación de aluminio de aleación - Escape de acero inoxidable - De aire lateral Catch - Spoiler delantero DIMENSIONES - Longitud: 2787 mm - Anchura: 1.640 mm - Altura: 1140 mm - Distancia entre ejes : 2000 mm - Altura libre al suelo : 150 mm - Proyección : Frontal: 477 mm / trasera : 310 mm - Peso: 560 kg ( bordillos ) - Distribución: AV 262 Kg (2/ 5) / AR 396 Kg ( 3/5) RENDIMIENTO - 0 a 100 km / h: 5,9 s - Velocidad máxima : 180 kmh CONSUMO - Urbana: 8,5 l / 100 km - Extraurbano : 4,4 l / 100 km - Mixto: 5,9 l / 100 km - Capacidad del depósito de combustible: 26 l SECMA F16 : Zweisitzer- Cabrio, mit einem 4 -Zylinder-Motor ausgestattet Original Renault 1598 ccm leistet 105 PS. Secma ( Gesellschaft für die Erforschung und den Bau von Kfz-Mechaniker ) ist ein Französisch Automobilhersteller , von Daniel Fox im Jahr 1995 erstellt wurde, Aniche in der Region Nord -Pas -de-Calais installiert . Zunächst installiert Lambres zog das Unternehmen im Jahr 1995 auf über 8500 m² Aniche von Lagerhäusern in der alten Glaswaren Boussois . Die Produktion wird Freizeitverhalten , die 70% sind für den Export ausgerichtet. Am 27. Mai 2009 wurde das Unternehmen durch Feuer zerstört. Da das Feuer erhält das Unternehmen ein neues Gesicht in neue, moderne und funktionale Räumlichkeiten . Im Jahr 2012 , die Ankunft eines neuen Modells ohne eine Lizenz , die Spaß Lander Marke Erneuerung. Darüber hinaus setzt das Unternehmen seine berühmten Modell F16 , leistungsstarke und bezahlbare Roadster auf den Markt . Dieser Roadster hat sich seit seiner Markteinführung im Jahr 2008 entwickelt. Eine erweiterte Palette von Performance- Zubehör an Kunden, die mehr benötigen scharfe Selbst angeboten . Von Komfort-Zubehör sind auch entstanden : Dach erkennbar , bestickte Armlehne , so dass es noch vielseitiger und für alle zugänglich. TYPE MOTOR - 16-Ventil- Motor 1,6-Liter- Original- RENAULT - 4 Zylinder Inline- Kraftstoffeinspritzung - Heckmittelstellung - Fassungsvermögen 1598 cm3 - Steuer Power 6 PS - Bohrung 79,5 mm - Hub 80,5 mm - Leistung 105 PS bei 5750 U / min ( 77 kW ) - Drehmoment 148 Nm bei 3750 U / min - Plan Maxi 6300 U / min - Emissions EURO 5 - Co ²-Emissionen 131 g / km (nicht Steuerbelastung ) ÜBERTRAGUNG - In die Hinterräder mit 5- Gang + R RICHTUNG - Teleskop- Lenksäule Absturz - Zweig Rack CHASSIS - Betonstahlträger, der als ein Reservoir SUSPENSION - Unabhängige auf alle 4 Räder - Front: Doppelquerlenker mit Schraubenfedern und hydraulischen Stoßdämpfern - AR : Arm mit Schraubenfedern und hydraulischen Stoßdämpfern gezogen REIFEN - Vorne: 195/50/R15 - Hinten: 225/45 R16 Z BREMSEN - Hydraulische Zweikreis- - Front: belüftete Scheiben - AR : Fest BODY - Unitized Körper rotomolded hochfesten Polyethylen - Hauben und Armaturenbrett thermogeformten ABS PMMA COCKPIT - Heizung , Abtauung - Lenk Legierung Sport - Verstellbare Pedale AUSRÜSTUNG - Aluminiumlegierung Alloy - Edelstahl- Abgas - Fang seitlichen Luft - Frontspoiler MASSE - Länge: 2787 mm - Breite: 1640 mm - Höhe: 1140 mm - Radstand: 2000 mm - Bodenfreiheit: 150 mm - Überhang: Front: 477 mm / hinten: 310 mm - Gewicht: 560 kg ( Bordstein ) - Vertrieb: AV 262 kg ( 2/5) / AR 396 kg ( 3/5) PERFORMANCE - 0 -100km / h : 5,9 s - Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 180 km / h VERBRAUCH - Urban: 8,5 l / 100 km - Ausserorts: 4,4 l / 100 km - Mixed : 5,9 l / 100 km - Tankinhalt: 26 l SECMA F16 : двухместный кабриолет , оснащенный 4-цилиндровым двигателем оригинальный Renault объемом 1598 куб развивается 105 л.с. . Secma ( общество по изучению и строительство автомехаников ) является французским производителем автомобиль , созданный Даниэлем Fox в 1995 году, установлен Aniche в Норд- Па-де- Кале. Первоначально установлен Lambres компания переехала в 1995 году до Aniche на 8500 м ² складов в старом посуды Boussois . Производство ориентировано отдыха узоры которых 70% идет на экспорт . 27 мая 2009 года, компания была уничтожена пожаром . С огнем , компания получает макияж в новых современных и функциональных помещений . В 2012 году приход новой модели без лицензии , продлении марки Fun Lander . Кроме того , компания продолжает продавать свою знаменитую модель F16 , мощный и доступный родстер . Это родстер значительно изменилась с момента ее запуска в 2008 году. Расширенный набор аксессуаров производительности предлагается клиентам , которые нуждаются в еще более резкое себя. Комфорта аксессуаров появились также : крыши обнаруживаются автоматически, подлокотник вышитый , что делает его еще более универсальным и доступным для всех . ТИП ДВИГАТЕЛЬ - Двигатель 16-клапанный 1,6-литровый Оригинал RENAULT - 4 цилиндров рядный впрыска топлива - Положение заднего центр - Емкость 1598 см3 - Налоговая мощность 6 л.с. - Диаметр 79,5 мм - Ход 80.5 мм - Мощность 105 л.с. при 5750 об / мин ( 77 кВт ) - Крутящий момент 148 Нм при 3750 об / мин - План Макси 6300 об / мин - Выбросы EURO 5 - Выбросы CO ² 131 г / км ( не налог загрязнения) ПЕРЕДАЧА - В задними колесами с 5-ступенчатой ​​+ Reverse НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ - Телескопическая рулевая колонка аварии - Филиал стойки ШАССИ - Стальные сварные балки , действующий в качестве резервуара ПОДВЕСКА - Независимый на всех 4 колесах - Передняя : Двойные поперечные рычаги с пружинами и гидравлическими амортизаторами - А.Р.: рука обращается со спиральными пружинами и гидравлическими амортизаторами ШИНЫ - Фронт: 195/50/R15 - Сзади: 225/45 R16 Z ТОРМОЗНАЯ - Гидравлический двухконтурный - Фронт: Дисковые вентилируемые - А.Р.: Жесткий ТЕЛО - Унифицированная тело rotomolded полиэтилен высокой прочности - Вытяжки и приборная панель ABS термоформованную ПММА КОКПИТ - Система отопления , размораживание - Руль сплав спорт - Регулируемые педали ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ - Сплав алюминиевый сплав - Вытяжной из нержавеющей стали - Поймайте боковые подушки - Передний спойлер РАЗМЕРЫ - Длина: 2787 мм - Ширина: 1640 мм - Высота: 1140 мм - Колесная база : 2000 мм - Дорожный просвет: 150 мм - Свес : передний : 477 мм / сзади : 310 мм - Вес: 560 кг ( бордюрные ) - Распространения: А.В. 262 кг ( 2/5) / AR 396 кг ( 3/5) ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ - 0 - 100км / ч : 5,9 с - Максимальная скорость: 180 км / ч РАСХОД - Городские : 8.5 л / 100 км - Загородный цикл : 4.4 л / 100 км - Смешанная : 5.9 л / 100 км - Емкость топливного бака : 26 л commercial pick-up truck italy 6th grade classified auto futur empresas race car design selling moto model f1 engine 2014 circuit fire hat drawing picture triangle bra contaminacion de aire office party getting pied maserati racing car mercedes-benz s coupe tired champion eos 5D mark ii 2 lens canon car auto coche indianapolis magy court lotus ferrari renault peugeot drapeau france gewicht bordeaux car drawing french pedal study hard bmw engine f1 car air pollution oil exito cars europe ferrari model moving rain permanent maserati motorcycle gang bra accord coupe wheels speed vitesse podemos circuit circuito fire enfine game programming computer drift explorer explore turbo pression biggest super sport car in the world daytona 1964 grand prix king m3 mercedes bmw travel voyage land sea colors town city road rue route line pick up truck grade aclassified auto f1 party champion eos coupe lens canon 5d mark 2 coche porsche lotus renault peugeot alfa romeo alpine mini clio megane RS www.twin-loc.fr
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Whispering Pines and AvalancheXpress Snow Tubing Park, Meadville, Pennsylvania

Whispering Pines and AvalancheXpress Snow Tubing Park, Meadville, Pennsylvania
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https://www.twin-loc.fr Championnat Européen de DRIFT - Bordeaux Mérignac Gironde 13 et 14 septembre 2014 - BMW M3 - Moteur Engine Puissance

Jean Sport, La Salle les Alpes, France
www.twin-loc.fr Bordeaux race track makes its return on the calendar with a very nice and curvy layout. France is a big motorsport nation and with this event running just 1 week before the final, it means all the best drivers will be in attendance on this demanding circuit. www.kingofeurope.net/2014b/index.php/component/ohanah/pro... La M3 e30 en compétition BMW M3 E30 en course. BMW M3 E30 en DTM (ici lors du Essen Motor Show 2011). Parmi les nombreux préparateurs qui la développèrent et l'engagèrent, l'équipe britannique PRODRIVE de David Richards, connu son heure de gloire avec cette voiture. Elle gagna à 4 reprises la fameuse course d'endurance des 24 Heures de Spa (1987, 1988, 1990 et 1992). En rallyes, elle remporta la première manche du championnat du monde à laquelle elle participa : le Tour de Corse 1987, entre les mains du français Bernard Béguin (avec plus de deux minutes d'avance sur son compatriote Yves Loubet). Avec la M3, Béguin fut vice-champion de France des rallyes en 1987 et 1988. Toujours en rallye, citons aussi : ses deux titres en Championnat de Belgique des rallyes (BRC): en 1988 avec Patrick Snijers, vice-champion d'Europe la même année et 1989 grâce à Marc Duez. ; ses deux titres en Championnat de France des rallyes (CFR) : en 1989 et 1990 pour François Chatriot. Courses sur glace : les deux victoires aux 24 heures sur glace de Chamonix en 1991 et 1992 avec Marcel Tarrès (2), Christian Debias (1) et B. Béguin (1) et les trois autres victoires de M. Tarrès -seul cette fois- à la Ronde de Serre Chevalier en 1991, 1992 (version 4x4) et 1993 (4x4) dans le cadre du Trophée Andros. Au final, la M3 e30 remporta 16 victoires en CFR entre 1987 et 1990, 7 en BRC ,et 9 en ERC avec des pilotes français (6 avec des belges). Dans la foulée Pascal Thomasse obtint deux podiums en Championnat de France D2, en 1990 et 1994. Elle était déclinée tant en version "Groupe N" qu'en "Groupe A". Elle est à l'heure actuelle toujours utilisée par de nombreux pilotes amateurs, partout en Europe (entre'autres en Coupe de France des rallyes, où elle s'est imposée sans discontinuer entre 1990 et 1995, puis en 1998 (E30 et E36): Hugues Delage obtint les coupes 1990, 1993 et 1994, et Dominique de Meyer celle de l'année 1991 et la finale de 1995 (Christophe Lapierre vainqueur de la coupe 1992, et Patrick Rouillard de celle 1998 pour la dernière fois de l'évolution M3); au Liban Nabil Karam s'est imposé en 1991). En Championnat d'Europe de course de côte, elle a remporté le titre de Catégorie I à cinq reprises consécutives avec Francis Dosières entre 1989 et 1993 (voiture homologuée Gr.A); s'en suivirent de nombreux autres titres toujours de Catégorie I pour les versions ultérieures de la M3 Gr.A, avec le tchèque Otakar Krámský (1995, 1997 et 1998), le croate Niko Pulić (1999, 2000 et 2001), le tchèque Robert Šenkýř (2003 et 2004) et l'allemand Jörg Weidinger (2005 et 2006), soit 15 titres de championne d'Europe entre 1989 et 2006. Le Challenge international de la montagne (FCHA) de la FIA ne lui a pas non plus échappé, avec le hongrois László Hernádi (2006, 2007 et 2008). En Tourisme et Grand Tourisme, le titre mondial Tourisme 1987 (le seul attribué durant 18 ans) revint à l'italien Roberto Ravaglia (victoires de la M3 à Jarama, Dijon, aux 24 Heures de Spa, et à Silverstone), le Championnat d'Europe FIA des voitures de tourisme fut remporté en 1987 par Winfried Vogt (plus titre constructeurs) et en 1988 par Roberto Ravaglia, le Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (D.T.M.) pilotes (Tourisme) fut gagné en 1987 par Eric van de Poele et en 1989 encore par Roberto Ravaglia (plus les titres constructeurs de 1987 à 1990), le BTCC (British Touring Cars Championship) le fut par deux fois avec Frank Sytner (1988) et Will Hoy (1991, et titre constructeur), le Championnat de France de Supertourisme le fut aussi par deux fois grâce à Jean-Pierre Malcher (1989 et 1990; plus Dayraut en 2001 sur la version Silhouette), et le titre national Belge Grand Tourisme 1996 revint à l'équipage Hubert/Hubert/Duez; la voiture remporta notamment les 24 Heures du Nürburgring en 1989 (avec Ravaglia), 1990, 1991 et 1992 (Duez alors lauréat), puis 1994, 1996 et 1997 (E36 pour les deux dernières dates), et les 24 Heures de Spa en 1987, 1988 (avec Ravaglia), 1990 et 1992. Ravaglia a ainsi pu obtenir le WTCC (1987), l'ETCC (1988) et le DTM (1989) avec la M3. Dans la foulée il a aussi remporté le Campionato Italiano Superturismo en 1990 et 1991 (16 victoires en deux ans). Sa première grande victoire sur M3 avait été au Grand Prix automobile de Macao, en 1987. M3 E36 (1992-1999) M3 E36 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 1992-1999 Production 71 242 exemplaires Classe Sportive, GT, Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) S50B30 (3.0l) / S50B32 (3 2 l) Puissance maximale 210 kW soit 286 ch (3 l) et 236 kW soit 321 ch (3,2 l) ch Couple maximal 350 Nm à 3 200 tr/min Nm Transmission propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 460 kg pour la 3.0l et 1 474 kg pour la 3.2l kg Vitesse maximale 290 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,4 s pour la 3.2l et 5,7 s à 6 s pour la 3.0l s Consommation mixte Ville/route/mixte : 16,9 / 7,5 / 11,0 L/100 km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé (2 portes), sedan (4 portes) et cabriolet (2 portes) Suspensions Pseudo MacPherson avant/ multi bras arrière Dimensions Longueur 4 430 mm Largeur 1 710 mm Hauteur 1 340 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E30 BMW M3 E46 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E36, commercialisée à partir de 1992 n'a plus grand-chose à voir avec la version précédente : l'E30. En effet, d'un point de vue esthétique, la ligne est entièrement revue. Mais c'est au niveau du moteur que la division "M" de BMW a effectué les plus gros changements : le 4 cylindres de l'E30 est remplacé par un 6 cylindres en ligne de 3 L et gagne ainsi, dans un premier temps, plus de 50 chevaux pour atteindre, sur la première version d'E36, 286 ch. D'autre modifications apparaissent en 1996 avec un 6 cylindres de 3,2 l équipé d'une épure binaire circulaire variable grâce au « vanos », qui lui confère un couple incroyable de 350 Nm. La puissance atteint les 321 ch accouplés à une boîte 6 vitesses, deuxième changement majeur de cette nouvelle version d'E36 M3. Elle a d'ailleurs été élue voiture du XXe siècle par le magazine Auto Plus, et voiture la plus maniable de l'époque par Car and Driver Magazine. M3 E46 (2000-2006) BMW M3 E46 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2001-2006 Classe Sportives, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence 6 en ligne 3 246 cm3 Puissance maximale 3431 ch Couple maximal 3652 Nm Transmission Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 4853 kg Vitesse maximale 300 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,24 s Consommation mixte 12.1 L/100 km Émission de CO2 292 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) Coupé et Cabriolet Suspensions ??? Dimensions Longueur 4 492 mm Largeur 1 780 mm Hauteur 1 370 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent M3 E36 M3 E92 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E46 présente des attributs esthétiques évocateurs : ailes enflées, larges prise d'air, capot bosselé, petit becquet arrière, deux doubles sorties d'échappement, jantes 18" (19" en option), mais l'ensemble se veut haut de gamme et plutôt raffiné. À bord, en revanche, rien de neuf, la M3 se démarque très peu d'un coupé Série 3. Au niveau du moteur, elle possède une mécanique bien peu ordinaire. En effet, le six-cylindres 3,2 L de la version précédente est reconduit mais a gagné 45 cm3, 22 ch et 1,3 mkg de couple, obtenus 1 650 tr/min plus haut. Avec un rendement exceptionnel de 106 ch/litre, ce bloc vient rejoindre le podium des meilleurs « atmos » du moment, juste derrière la Honda S2000 et la Ferrari 360 Modena. Au-delà des chiffres, la disponibilité de cette mécanique sur une large plage d'utilisation réjouit tout autant que sa sonorité sportive à souhait. Un bouton "sport" au tableau de bord améliore la réponse des injecteurs et permet une conduite encore plus active. Au tableau de bord, un compte-tours "thermostatique" vous aide à prendre soin du bijou. Moteur froid, des diodes orange ponctuent chaque 500 tr/min à partir de 4 000 tr/min. Elles s'éteignent ensuite une à une quand le moteur monte en température. Avec ses 343 ch, elle effectue le 0 à 100 km/h en 5"25, 80 à 120 en 5"4 (en 4e). Cette nouvelle version ne fait pas beaucoup mieux que la précédente car elle a grossi et son rapport poids/puissance reste donc inchangé. Niveau consommation, la M3 E46 consomme 11,5 L/100 km, mais peut consommer jusqu'à 60 L/100 km en activant régulièrement le bouton "sport" sur le tableau de bord. En ce qui concerne le freinage, talon d'Achille des BMW M, comme sur l'ancienne version, les quatre grands disques sont suffisants en temps normal, mais leur efficacité est rapidement mise à mal en rythme soutenu pour stopper les 1 500 kg de cette sportive. La M3 E46 perpétue avec brio la réputation liée à son nom. Plus facile et abordable qu'auparavant, elle conserve un rapport prix/performances avantageux. M3 E90/E92 (2007-2013) BMW M3 (E92) BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2007-2012 Classe Sportive, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence V8 4,0 l Puissance maximale 309 kW soit 420 ch Couple maximal 400 Nm Transmission Manuelle 6 rapports Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 655 kg Vitesse maximale 310 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s Consommation mixte 12,76 L/100 km Émission de CO2 287 à 2927 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé 2 portes, berline 4 portes et cabriolet Suspensions Ressorts hélicoïdaux amortisseurs à gaz barre antiroulis Dimensions Longueur 4 620 mm Largeur 1 800 mm Hauteur 1 420 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E46 BMW M4 F32 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle Cette génération de BMW M3 se positionne comme la rivale de l'Audi RS4 (pour la E90) et de l'audi RS5 (pour la E92), mais aussi de la Mercedes C63 AMG Performances S'offrant pour la première fois un moteur à 8 cylindres en V de série, installé en position centrale avant, cette quatrième génération de M3 développe 420 ch à 8 300 tr/min et abat ainsi le 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s. Constitué d'un bloc en alliage d'aluminium et de silicium, le moteur de la BMW M3 affiche une puissance spécifique de 105 ch par litre de cylindrée. Son couple maximum atteint les 400 Nm à 3 900 tr/min, dont 85 % délivré sur une plage de plus de 6 500 tr/min. La M3 se dote en effet d'une distribution variable de 8 papillons de gaz et d'un alternateur débrayable. Séries limitées En novembre 2009, BMW lance la M3 GTS limitée à 250 exemplaires. Sur le plan des performances, elle garde son V8 dont la puissance a été amenée à 450 ch. Sur le plan de l'esthétique, elle se pare d'une couleur orange exclusive avec un aileron typé course. À l'intérieur, BMW adapte la recette qui a fait le succès de la Porsche 911 GT3 RS : pas de GPS, ni de climatisation et des lanières en guise de poignées de portes. Enfin, le coupé perd ses deux places à l'arrière, et les remplace par un arceau-cage couleur carrosserie, un extincteur de course, donnant l'impression qu'il s'agit plus d'une bête de course qu'une voiture de tous les jours. Elle est d'ailleurs souvent comparée à la BMW M3 GTR E46. L'année suivante, BMW dévoile la M3 Frozen Gray. Produite à seulement trente exemplaires, et seulement aux États-Unis, elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte (référencée comme Frozen Gray chez BMW), ses jantes 19 pouces à l'extérieur, et son cuir bi-ton roux et noir à l'intérieur. Le moteur conserve ses 420 chevaux, mais la boîte DCT à double embrayage est fournie de série. Tout acheteur de cette Frozen Gray se verra offrir un stage de la BMW Performance Driving School. En juin 2011, un modèle encore plus exclusif la CRT (pour Carbon Racing Technology), basé sur la M3 Saloon E90 fait la part belle au carbone, permettant la perte de 45 kg, le tout en gardant les équipements de confort (GPS et climatisation) qui font d'elle une berline de luxe. Elle est produite à seulement 67 exemplaires, le moteur garde ses 420 chevaux, mais il s'agit de la première édition spéciale de la M3 qui n'est disponible qu'en berline 4 portes. Toutefois, il faut noter qu'à l'arrière, ce ne sont plus trois personnes, mais deux personnes qui pourront s'y asseoir, dans deux beaux sièges baquets. Elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte son cuir rouge, et ses jantes Full Black. En 2012, BMW sort 3 séries spéciales de sa M3 en France. La M3 CS, la M3 Frozen 40 et la M3 DTM Champion Edition. La M3 CS, exclusivement française, se distingue par une teinte bleue matte éclatante (Frozen Blau), ainsi que par son intérieur aux surpiqûres bleues, avec une touche de rouge sur le volant. Il s'agit d'une version dépouillée, spécialement destinée aux virées sur circuit. La M3 Frozen 40, elle, a été créée pour toute l'Europe, et célébrait les 40 ans de BMW Motorsport. Elle se distingue à l'extérieur d'une M3 « normale » grâce à une calandre chromée, ainsi que des sorties d'échappement et des ouïes latérales noires. La version Frozen 40 dispose aussi de 4 coloris spécifiques mats, toutes nommées Frozen, que ce soit en bleu, bleu foncé, blanc ou rouge. À l'intérieur, la sellerie est exclusive, et les surpiqûres sont assorties à la teinte extérieure. Enfin, la version M3 DTM Champion Edition est un hommage à Bruno Spengler, le pilote canadien victorieux du championnat allemand DTM sur BMW M3. Elle est très facilement reconnaissable, grâce à sa teinte matte Frozen Black, ses bandes de pavillon aux couleurs de Motorsport, ainsi que le sticker sponsor sur la vitre de custode. Les jantes full black rajoutent une touche d'agressivité à la voiture. À l'intérieur, les inserts en carbone reçoivent la signature de Bruno Spengler, ainsi qu'une numérotation. Seulement 54 exemplaires seront produits. The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3-Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M. M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 3-series, and sold with coupe, saloon and convertible body styles. Upgrades over the "standard" 3-Series automobiles include more powerful and responsive engines, improved handling/suspension/braking systems, aerodynamic body enhancements, and interior/exterior accents with the tri-colour "M" (Motorsport) emblem. The last M3 coupe was produced in Germany on 5 July 2013. Part of BMW's renumbering to move the 3-Series coupe and convertible to the 4-Series, the M3 name will remain with the saloon version as the coupe version has ceased production and has been replaced by the M4 Coupe starting with the 2015 model year. E92 M3 ZCP Competition Package For 2011, BMW added the ZCP Competition Package to the M3’s lineup. Unlike the ZCP offered on the previous generation E46, the newest package didn’t change very much about the E92. Most of the adjustments were made to suspension components and the computer governing stability control. The changes for the E92 ZCP are as follows: - The suspension has been lowered by 10mm. The spring rates are the same, but the springs themselves are shorter, to compensate for the shorter stance. The suspension’s shock damping was also adjusted by the M division. This was in order to compensate for the lower ride height, primarily for rebounding damping rates as opposed to actual compression. - The Electronic Damper Control in the “Sport Mode” has been modified. A quote taken from the Manager of BMWNA’s M Division, Larry Koch: “The Sport Mode before ZCP was locked at 75% of the way to full stiff. It still has that as a default, but is now variable like the ‘Comfort’ and ‘Normal’ modes.” This translates to a stiffer ride whilst sport mode is engaged, aiding heavy cornering on a track at a cost to ride comfort when driving normally on the road. - Modifications have been made to the computer governing the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) in M Dynamic Mode. It is reworked and renamed to “Dynamic Traction Control” (DTC) which allows for larger angles of slip in heavy cornering. This translates to the rear end sliding out further than would be allowed on a non-ZCP M3 before the DTC kicks in to stop the tail slide. Also, once the DTC does kick in, instead of cutting power to the wheels in order to correct the slide (which is normal for the DSC on stock M3s), the DTC computer instead applies the brakes to individual wheels in order to keep the car from spinning excessively. - In addition, forged 19 inch wheels in the same style as those on the E46 CSL are added to the car. E92 M3 GTS M3 GTS at the Autosport International Show 2011. BMW announced the M3 GTS in November 2009. The car is powered by a 4.4-litre V8 based on the 4.0-litre engine found in the standard M3, which produces a maximum of 450 PS (331 kW; 444 hp). The car weighs 300 pounds less than the standard M3 due to various weight savings. A total of only 250 units were produced. This can accelerate from 0-62 mph in just 4.3 seconds and 0-100 mph in 8.5 seconds. In Germany deliveries began in May 2010 while other countries were scheduled for the summer of 2010. The BMW E92 M3 GTS was priced at around €115,000 per unit. All E92 M3 GTS models have been sold. E90 M3 CRT The M3 CRT (Carbon Racing Technology) was announced in June 2011 as a 2012 model. It is powered by the same engine as the GTS, but in opposite to the GTS coupe with roll cage and 4-point harnesses, the CRT is a saloon with navigation, high-end sound system etc. as standard equipment. Despite these luxury extras, the car still weighs 100 lb (45 kg) less than a regular M3 saloon. Compared to a saloon with the same luxury equipment, it weighs 155 lb (70 kg) less. The production will be limited to 67 cars, all numbered with a plaque on the dashboard. And it is claimed that it can accelerate from 0 to 62 mph (100 km/h) in just 4.4 seconds. E92 M3 DTM Champion Edition BMW Motorsport returned to the DTM in 2012, and the "DTM Champion Edition" was built to commemorate it winning the championship. The "DTM Champion Edition" was available only in the Frozen Black paint finish with the same M stripes over the roof and boot lid as on Bruno Spengler’s race car. It also incorporated visual clues to the race car, such as carbon flaps and gurney, dark chrome elements and matt black wheels. The interior had some exclusive parts such as interior trim in carbon fibre, Alcantara steering wheel and "M Power" embroidered on the handbrake grip. Each car had a numbered plaque with Spengler's signature and the text "DTM champion 2012" above the glove box. As the car was focused on high performance, options as M Drive, M DCT Drivelogic and the M Driver’s Package were fitted as standard equipment. For the car to have everyday usability, options as navigation system, heated seats and PDC were also standard. The DTM Champion Edition was produced from February 2013, in a limited number of 54 cars, the same number as BMW's victories in DTM. In Germany, the price started at €99,000.00 including VAT. E92 M3 Lime Rock Park Edition The M3 Lime Rock Park Edition was a US specific model, with a production limited to 200 cars, painted in Fire Orange. All 200 of these 2013 vehicles came with carbon fiber performance parts, such as roof, front splitter, rear spoiler, competition package, a lowered ride height in front of .60 inches, track style steering with fewer turns to lock and a lightweight muffler, courtesy of BMW's MGmbh division. BMW claims the model has no added horsepower, however, when marketing the lightweight Inconel-titanium BMW Motorsports Exhaust to stock M3 vehicles, BMW Claims that the system adds about 5 H.P. The Lime Rock Park editions were equipped with either 6 speed transmissions, or the optional DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). No changes made to the original 4.0L V8 (414 HP, redline 8300 rpm); however the ECU is programmed slightly differently from standard M3 vehicles with less interference from the dynamic stability control and a less interfering traction control. Each LRP edition's governor is limited for achieving its natural top speed, which is claimed to be 187 MPH (Roughly 300 kph). Each M3 LRP Edition comes with a numbered plaque and paper certificate, each one reading "One of 200" instead of a numbering sequence. BMW did this to ensure none of the cars were worth more than another. Racing Rahal Letterman M3 GT2 racing at the 2009 Petit Le Mans Schnitzer Motorsport's BMW M3 GT2 racing at the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai. E92 M3 GT2 BMW Motorsport announced in February 2008 that Rahal Letterman Racing will campaign two factory-backed E92 M3s in the American Le Mans Series in 2009, following a two-year absence by the brand. The cars are homologated for the GT2 category. This was the cover car for the simulation racing game Need for Speed: Shift. Schnitzer Motorsport entered 2 cars at the 1000 km of Spa and finished 4th after a move by the Ferrari in the final corner. For 2010, BMW Motorsport has been granted entry in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. BMW Motorsport/Schnitzer Motorsport went onto to take an overall win at the 24 Hours Nürburgring with the #25 M3 GT2 of Jörg Müller, Augusto Farfus, Pedro Lamy, and Uwe Alzen while the top competitors from Porsche and Audi dropped out one by one. In addition, one of the M3 GT2's that competed at Le Mans (#79) has been chosen as the 17th BMW Art Car, which will be done by American artist, Jeff Koons. At the 2010 24 Hours of Spa, BMW qualified 1st in class (2nd overall) and maintained 1st with the #79 car throughout the race until it succumbed to a suspension failure with just half an hour remaining, forcing them to give the overall lead to two Porsche 997 GT3-RSRs. The M3s still came 1st in the GTN class. The BMW M3s won the GT2 category in the ILMC 1000 km of Zhuhai. In 2011, the BMW achieved a 1-2 finish in the 12 Hours of Sebring. In the 2011 American Le Mans Series GT class, BMW Team RLL swept all categories, winning the GT manufacturer, team and driver championships. They contest another year in the ALMS GT class, coming off of another fantastic win at the 2012 60th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring. The M3 GT2 was succeeded by the BMW Z4 GTE, an LMGTE specification racing car alongside the Group GT3 spec BMW Z4 GT3. The Z4 GTE started racing at the 2013 12 Hours of Sebring. E92 M3 GT4 On 10 April 2009, the week after the debut of the GT4, BMW's Customer Racing program announced it had partnered with Schubert Motorsport (sponsored by Motorsport Arena Oschersleben) to run the BMW M3 GT4 in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race, in the new class for GT4 cars, listed as SP10 there. The BMW M3 GT4 also raced in the Nürburgring VLN ADAC Westfalenfahrt in April 2009, taking the win in the SP10 class and finishing 30th overall. The 2009 24h race took place on the weekend of 23 and 24 May, with Jörg Müller, Andy Priaulx and sport auto journalist Jochen Übler at the wheel. Despite qualifying as best SP10/GT4 car at 57th overall and being at least 10 seconds per lap faster, the team finished third in the class, behind two Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24. The overall rank was 47th. BMW Motorsport announced on 7 July 2009 the launch of a line of BMW M3 race cars which meet the SRO/FIA's GT4 spec and are oriented for sale to private teams and drivers. The BMW M3 GT4 price is 121,500 EUR without VAT. While BMW states that 'the BMW M3 GT4 weighs just 1,430 kilograms' and the '420 bhp engine remained largely untouched', the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring "Balance of Performance" requires that the power must not exceed 390 PS (385 HP), while the minimum weight is set to 1400 kg. The M3 GT4 is offered in Europe as a homologated production race car for sale to the general public. According to Larry Koch, then BMW NA M-brand manager, a feasibility study is currently being conducted to evaluate the possible sale of the M3 GT4 in North America. However, without a sanctioned GT4-class racing series in the USA, the sale of the M3 GT4 in the States is not likely. Critical reception Arthur St. Antoine of Motor Trend magazine says: "World's single greatest car? Seriously? Yes – the new BMW M3 is unquestionably a contender. Probably no other car combines so many virtues – speed, handling, good looks, roominess, practicality – into one package. Driving the new BMW M3 is an absolutely blissful experience, flooding your brain with dopamine as if you were arriving to courtside seats at the Lakers game with Jennifer Connelly on your arm." -and- "If you put an F1 car and a premium sedan in a blender, the M3 would be the cocktail that pours out. Mmmm, nothing else like it. A toast then: To the BMW M3, the greatest all-around car in the world." Mark Gillies of Car and Driver magazine says: "A car has got to be pretty spectacular to win over the curmudgeons here at 1585 Eisenhower Place, especially when familiarity sets in over the course of 40,000 miles. But our Sparkling Graphite Metallic M3 did indeed win us over.", and "Based on our experience, the current M3 is the world's all-around best car for the money, although several staffers would have preferred to trade some of the coupe's looks for the added practicality of the sedan.", and "This is the finest car on the market, period." Ezra Dyer of Automobile magazine once suggested that "...car magazines generally regard the M3 the same way a four-year-old regards Santa Claus." Jeremy Clarkson of BBC television show Top Gear says: "This [The M3] is the best car, and always will be, and there's no point in ever thinking otherwise." Mark Magrath of Edmunds Inside Line wrote these comments after driving a 2009 E90 M3 saloon in the canyons of Southern California: "This is the best most complete car in the world. It's actually a bargain for what you get. Wow." In the high-performance sports luxury niche (an entry-level luxury/compact executive car with a V8 engine), the E90 M3 (usually an E92 M3 Coupé being tested) has won comparison tests against rivals such as the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG, Lexus IS-F, Audi RS4, Audi RS5 and Cadillac CTS-V.
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https://www.twin-loc.fr Championnat Européen de DRIFT - Bordeaux Mérignac Gironde 13 et 14 septembre 2014 - BMW M3 - Moteur Engine Puissance

Jean Sport, La Salle les Alpes, France
www.twin-loc.fr Bordeaux race track makes its return on the calendar with a very nice and curvy layout. France is a big motorsport nation and with this event running just 1 week before the final, it means all the best drivers will be in attendance on this demanding circuit. www.kingofeurope.net/2014b/index.php/component/ohanah/pro... La M3 e30 en compétition BMW M3 E30 en course. BMW M3 E30 en DTM (ici lors du Essen Motor Show 2011). Parmi les nombreux préparateurs qui la développèrent et l'engagèrent, l'équipe britannique PRODRIVE de David Richards, connu son heure de gloire avec cette voiture. Elle gagna à 4 reprises la fameuse course d'endurance des 24 Heures de Spa (1987, 1988, 1990 et 1992). En rallyes, elle remporta la première manche du championnat du monde à laquelle elle participa : le Tour de Corse 1987, entre les mains du français Bernard Béguin (avec plus de deux minutes d'avance sur son compatriote Yves Loubet). Avec la M3, Béguin fut vice-champion de France des rallyes en 1987 et 1988. Toujours en rallye, citons aussi : ses deux titres en Championnat de Belgique des rallyes (BRC): en 1988 avec Patrick Snijers, vice-champion d'Europe la même année et 1989 grâce à Marc Duez. ; ses deux titres en Championnat de France des rallyes (CFR) : en 1989 et 1990 pour François Chatriot. Courses sur glace : les deux victoires aux 24 heures sur glace de Chamonix en 1991 et 1992 avec Marcel Tarrès (2), Christian Debias (1) et B. Béguin (1) et les trois autres victoires de M. Tarrès -seul cette fois- à la Ronde de Serre Chevalier en 1991, 1992 (version 4x4) et 1993 (4x4) dans le cadre du Trophée Andros. Au final, la M3 e30 remporta 16 victoires en CFR entre 1987 et 1990, 7 en BRC ,et 9 en ERC avec des pilotes français (6 avec des belges). Dans la foulée Pascal Thomasse obtint deux podiums en Championnat de France D2, en 1990 et 1994. Elle était déclinée tant en version "Groupe N" qu'en "Groupe A". Elle est à l'heure actuelle toujours utilisée par de nombreux pilotes amateurs, partout en Europe (entre'autres en Coupe de France des rallyes, où elle s'est imposée sans discontinuer entre 1990 et 1995, puis en 1998 (E30 et E36): Hugues Delage obtint les coupes 1990, 1993 et 1994, et Dominique de Meyer celle de l'année 1991 et la finale de 1995 (Christophe Lapierre vainqueur de la coupe 1992, et Patrick Rouillard de celle 1998 pour la dernière fois de l'évolution M3); au Liban Nabil Karam s'est imposé en 1991). En Championnat d'Europe de course de côte, elle a remporté le titre de Catégorie I à cinq reprises consécutives avec Francis Dosières entre 1989 et 1993 (voiture homologuée Gr.A); s'en suivirent de nombreux autres titres toujours de Catégorie I pour les versions ultérieures de la M3 Gr.A, avec le tchèque Otakar Krámský (1995, 1997 et 1998), le croate Niko Pulić (1999, 2000 et 2001), le tchèque Robert Šenkýř (2003 et 2004) et l'allemand Jörg Weidinger (2005 et 2006), soit 15 titres de championne d'Europe entre 1989 et 2006. Le Challenge international de la montagne (FCHA) de la FIA ne lui a pas non plus échappé, avec le hongrois László Hernádi (2006, 2007 et 2008). En Tourisme et Grand Tourisme, le titre mondial Tourisme 1987 (le seul attribué durant 18 ans) revint à l'italien Roberto Ravaglia (victoires de la M3 à Jarama, Dijon, aux 24 Heures de Spa, et à Silverstone), le Championnat d'Europe FIA des voitures de tourisme fut remporté en 1987 par Winfried Vogt (plus titre constructeurs) et en 1988 par Roberto Ravaglia, le Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (D.T.M.) pilotes (Tourisme) fut gagné en 1987 par Eric van de Poele et en 1989 encore par Roberto Ravaglia (plus les titres constructeurs de 1987 à 1990), le BTCC (British Touring Cars Championship) le fut par deux fois avec Frank Sytner (1988) et Will Hoy (1991, et titre constructeur), le Championnat de France de Supertourisme le fut aussi par deux fois grâce à Jean-Pierre Malcher (1989 et 1990; plus Dayraut en 2001 sur la version Silhouette), et le titre national Belge Grand Tourisme 1996 revint à l'équipage Hubert/Hubert/Duez; la voiture remporta notamment les 24 Heures du Nürburgring en 1989 (avec Ravaglia), 1990, 1991 et 1992 (Duez alors lauréat), puis 1994, 1996 et 1997 (E36 pour les deux dernières dates), et les 24 Heures de Spa en 1987, 1988 (avec Ravaglia), 1990 et 1992. Ravaglia a ainsi pu obtenir le WTCC (1987), l'ETCC (1988) et le DTM (1989) avec la M3. Dans la foulée il a aussi remporté le Campionato Italiano Superturismo en 1990 et 1991 (16 victoires en deux ans). Sa première grande victoire sur M3 avait été au Grand Prix automobile de Macao, en 1987. M3 E36 (1992-1999) M3 E36 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 1992-1999 Production 71 242 exemplaires Classe Sportive, GT, Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) S50B30 (3.0l) / S50B32 (3 2 l) Puissance maximale 210 kW soit 286 ch (3 l) et 236 kW soit 321 ch (3,2 l) ch Couple maximal 350 Nm à 3 200 tr/min Nm Transmission propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 460 kg pour la 3.0l et 1 474 kg pour la 3.2l kg Vitesse maximale 290 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,4 s pour la 3.2l et 5,7 s à 6 s pour la 3.0l s Consommation mixte Ville/route/mixte : 16,9 / 7,5 / 11,0 L/100 km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé (2 portes), sedan (4 portes) et cabriolet (2 portes) Suspensions Pseudo MacPherson avant/ multi bras arrière Dimensions Longueur 4 430 mm Largeur 1 710 mm Hauteur 1 340 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E30 BMW M3 E46 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E36, commercialisée à partir de 1992 n'a plus grand-chose à voir avec la version précédente : l'E30. En effet, d'un point de vue esthétique, la ligne est entièrement revue. Mais c'est au niveau du moteur que la division "M" de BMW a effectué les plus gros changements : le 4 cylindres de l'E30 est remplacé par un 6 cylindres en ligne de 3 L et gagne ainsi, dans un premier temps, plus de 50 chevaux pour atteindre, sur la première version d'E36, 286 ch. D'autre modifications apparaissent en 1996 avec un 6 cylindres de 3,2 l équipé d'une épure binaire circulaire variable grâce au « vanos », qui lui confère un couple incroyable de 350 Nm. La puissance atteint les 321 ch accouplés à une boîte 6 vitesses, deuxième changement majeur de cette nouvelle version d'E36 M3. Elle a d'ailleurs été élue voiture du XXe siècle par le magazine Auto Plus, et voiture la plus maniable de l'époque par Car and Driver Magazine. M3 E46 (2000-2006) BMW M3 E46 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2001-2006 Classe Sportives, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence 6 en ligne 3 246 cm3 Puissance maximale 3431 ch Couple maximal 3652 Nm Transmission Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 4853 kg Vitesse maximale 300 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,24 s Consommation mixte 12.1 L/100 km Émission de CO2 292 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) Coupé et Cabriolet Suspensions ??? Dimensions Longueur 4 492 mm Largeur 1 780 mm Hauteur 1 370 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent M3 E36 M3 E92 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E46 présente des attributs esthétiques évocateurs : ailes enflées, larges prise d'air, capot bosselé, petit becquet arrière, deux doubles sorties d'échappement, jantes 18" (19" en option), mais l'ensemble se veut haut de gamme et plutôt raffiné. À bord, en revanche, rien de neuf, la M3 se démarque très peu d'un coupé Série 3. Au niveau du moteur, elle possède une mécanique bien peu ordinaire. En effet, le six-cylindres 3,2 L de la version précédente est reconduit mais a gagné 45 cm3, 22 ch et 1,3 mkg de couple, obtenus 1 650 tr/min plus haut. Avec un rendement exceptionnel de 106 ch/litre, ce bloc vient rejoindre le podium des meilleurs « atmos » du moment, juste derrière la Honda S2000 et la Ferrari 360 Modena. Au-delà des chiffres, la disponibilité de cette mécanique sur une large plage d'utilisation réjouit tout autant que sa sonorité sportive à souhait. Un bouton "sport" au tableau de bord améliore la réponse des injecteurs et permet une conduite encore plus active. Au tableau de bord, un compte-tours "thermostatique" vous aide à prendre soin du bijou. Moteur froid, des diodes orange ponctuent chaque 500 tr/min à partir de 4 000 tr/min. Elles s'éteignent ensuite une à une quand le moteur monte en température. Avec ses 343 ch, elle effectue le 0 à 100 km/h en 5"25, 80 à 120 en 5"4 (en 4e). Cette nouvelle version ne fait pas beaucoup mieux que la précédente car elle a grossi et son rapport poids/puissance reste donc inchangé. Niveau consommation, la M3 E46 consomme 11,5 L/100 km, mais peut consommer jusqu'à 60 L/100 km en activant régulièrement le bouton "sport" sur le tableau de bord. En ce qui concerne le freinage, talon d'Achille des BMW M, comme sur l'ancienne version, les quatre grands disques sont suffisants en temps normal, mais leur efficacité est rapidement mise à mal en rythme soutenu pour stopper les 1 500 kg de cette sportive. La M3 E46 perpétue avec brio la réputation liée à son nom. Plus facile et abordable qu'auparavant, elle conserve un rapport prix/performances avantageux. M3 E90/E92 (2007-2013) BMW M3 (E92) BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2007-2012 Classe Sportive, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence V8 4,0 l Puissance maximale 309 kW soit 420 ch Couple maximal 400 Nm Transmission Manuelle 6 rapports Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 655 kg Vitesse maximale 310 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s Consommation mixte 12,76 L/100 km Émission de CO2 287 à 2927 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé 2 portes, berline 4 portes et cabriolet Suspensions Ressorts hélicoïdaux amortisseurs à gaz barre antiroulis Dimensions Longueur 4 620 mm Largeur 1 800 mm Hauteur 1 420 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E46 BMW M4 F32 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle Cette génération de BMW M3 se positionne comme la rivale de l'Audi RS4 (pour la E90) et de l'audi RS5 (pour la E92), mais aussi de la Mercedes C63 AMG Performances S'offrant pour la première fois un moteur à 8 cylindres en V de série, installé en position centrale avant, cette quatrième génération de M3 développe 420 ch à 8 300 tr/min et abat ainsi le 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s. Constitué d'un bloc en alliage d'aluminium et de silicium, le moteur de la BMW M3 affiche une puissance spécifique de 105 ch par litre de cylindrée. Son couple maximum atteint les 400 Nm à 3 900 tr/min, dont 85 % délivré sur une plage de plus de 6 500 tr/min. La M3 se dote en effet d'une distribution variable de 8 papillons de gaz et d'un alternateur débrayable. Séries limitées En novembre 2009, BMW lance la M3 GTS limitée à 250 exemplaires. Sur le plan des performances, elle garde son V8 dont la puissance a été amenée à 450 ch. Sur le plan de l'esthétique, elle se pare d'une couleur orange exclusive avec un aileron typé course. À l'intérieur, BMW adapte la recette qui a fait le succès de la Porsche 911 GT3 RS : pas de GPS, ni de climatisation et des lanières en guise de poignées de portes. Enfin, le coupé perd ses deux places à l'arrière, et les remplace par un arceau-cage couleur carrosserie, un extincteur de course, donnant l'impression qu'il s'agit plus d'une bête de course qu'une voiture de tous les jours. Elle est d'ailleurs souvent comparée à la BMW M3 GTR E46. L'année suivante, BMW dévoile la M3 Frozen Gray. Produite à seulement trente exemplaires, et seulement aux États-Unis, elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte (référencée comme Frozen Gray chez BMW), ses jantes 19 pouces à l'extérieur, et son cuir bi-ton roux et noir à l'intérieur. Le moteur conserve ses 420 chevaux, mais la boîte DCT à double embrayage est fournie de série. Tout acheteur de cette Frozen Gray se verra offrir un stage de la BMW Performance Driving School. En juin 2011, un modèle encore plus exclusif la CRT (pour Carbon Racing Technology), basé sur la M3 Saloon E90 fait la part belle au carbone, permettant la perte de 45 kg, le tout en gardant les équipements de confort (GPS et climatisation) qui font d'elle une berline de luxe. Elle est produite à seulement 67 exemplaires, le moteur garde ses 420 chevaux, mais il s'agit de la première édition spéciale de la M3 qui n'est disponible qu'en berline 4 portes. Toutefois, il faut noter qu'à l'arrière, ce ne sont plus trois personnes, mais deux personnes qui pourront s'y asseoir, dans deux beaux sièges baquets. Elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte son cuir rouge, et ses jantes Full Black. En 2012, BMW sort 3 séries spéciales de sa M3 en France. La M3 CS, la M3 Frozen 40 et la M3 DTM Champion Edition. La M3 CS, exclusivement française, se distingue par une teinte bleue matte éclatante (Frozen Blau), ainsi que par son intérieur aux surpiqûres bleues, avec une touche de rouge sur le volant. Il s'agit d'une version dépouillée, spécialement destinée aux virées sur circuit. La M3 Frozen 40, elle, a été créée pour toute l'Europe, et célébrait les 40 ans de BMW Motorsport. Elle se distingue à l'extérieur d'une M3 « normale » grâce à une calandre chromée, ainsi que des sorties d'échappement et des ouïes latérales noires. La version Frozen 40 dispose aussi de 4 coloris spécifiques mats, toutes nommées Frozen, que ce soit en bleu, bleu foncé, blanc ou rouge. À l'intérieur, la sellerie est exclusive, et les surpiqûres sont assorties à la teinte extérieure. Enfin, la version M3 DTM Champion Edition est un hommage à Bruno Spengler, le pilote canadien victorieux du championnat allemand DTM sur BMW M3. Elle est très facilement reconnaissable, grâce à sa teinte matte Frozen Black, ses bandes de pavillon aux couleurs de Motorsport, ainsi que le sticker sponsor sur la vitre de custode. Les jantes full black rajoutent une touche d'agressivité à la voiture. À l'intérieur, les inserts en carbone reçoivent la signature de Bruno Spengler, ainsi qu'une numérotation. Seulement 54 exemplaires seront produits. The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3-Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M. M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 3-series, and sold with coupe, saloon and convertible body styles. Upgrades over the "standard" 3-Series automobiles include more powerful and responsive engines, improved handling/suspension/braking systems, aerodynamic body enhancements, and interior/exterior accents with the tri-colour "M" (Motorsport) emblem. The last M3 coupe was produced in Germany on 5 July 2013. Part of BMW's renumbering to move the 3-Series coupe and convertible to the 4-Series, the M3 name will remain with the saloon version as the coupe version has ceased production and has been replaced by the M4 Coupe starting with the 2015 model year. E92 M3 ZCP Competition Package For 2011, BMW added the ZCP Competition Package to the M3’s lineup. Unlike the ZCP offered on the previous generation E46, the newest package didn’t change very much about the E92. Most of the adjustments were made to suspension components and the computer governing stability control. The changes for the E92 ZCP are as follows: - The suspension has been lowered by 10mm. The spring rates are the same, but the springs themselves are shorter, to compensate for the shorter stance. The suspension’s shock damping was also adjusted by the M division. This was in order to compensate for the lower ride height, primarily for rebounding damping rates as opposed to actual compression. - The Electronic Damper Control in the “Sport Mode” has been modified. A quote taken from the Manager of BMWNA’s M Division, Larry Koch: “The Sport Mode before ZCP was locked at 75% of the way to full stiff. It still has that as a default, but is now variable like the ‘Comfort’ and ‘Normal’ modes.” This translates to a stiffer ride whilst sport mode is engaged, aiding heavy cornering on a track at a cost to ride comfort when driving normally on the road. - Modifications have been made to the computer governing the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) in M Dynamic Mode. It is reworked and renamed to “Dynamic Traction Control” (DTC) which allows for larger angles of slip in heavy cornering. This translates to the rear end sliding out further than would be allowed on a non-ZCP M3 before the DTC kicks in to stop the tail slide. Also, once the DTC does kick in, instead of cutting power to the wheels in order to correct the slide (which is normal for the DSC on stock M3s), the DTC computer instead applies the brakes to individual wheels in order to keep the car from spinning excessively. - In addition, forged 19 inch wheels in the same style as those on the E46 CSL are added to the car. E92 M3 GTS M3 GTS at the Autosport International Show 2011. BMW announced the M3 GTS in November 2009. The car is powered by a 4.4-litre V8 based on the 4.0-litre engine found in the standard M3, which produces a maximum of 450 PS (331 kW; 444 hp). The car weighs 300 pounds less than the standard M3 due to various weight savings. A total of only 250 units were produced. This can accelerate from 0-62 mph in just 4.3 seconds and 0-100 mph in 8.5 seconds. In Germany deliveries began in May 2010 while other countries were scheduled for the summer of 2010. The BMW E92 M3 GTS was priced at around €115,000 per unit. All E92 M3 GTS models have been sold. E90 M3 CRT The M3 CRT (Carbon Racing Technology) was announced in June 2011 as a 2012 model. It is powered by the same engine as the GTS, but in opposite to the GTS coupe with roll cage and 4-point harnesses, the CRT is a saloon with navigation, high-end sound system etc. as standard equipment. Despite these luxury extras, the car still weighs 100 lb (45 kg) less than a regular M3 saloon. Compared to a saloon with the same luxury equipment, it weighs 155 lb (70 kg) less. The production will be limited to 67 cars, all numbered with a plaque on the dashboard. And it is claimed that it can accelerate from 0 to 62 mph (100 km/h) in just 4.4 seconds. E92 M3 DTM Champion Edition BMW Motorsport returned to the DTM in 2012, and the "DTM Champion Edition" was built to commemorate it winning the championship. The "DTM Champion Edition" was available only in the Frozen Black paint finish with the same M stripes over the roof and boot lid as on Bruno Spengler’s race car. It also incorporated visual clues to the race car, such as carbon flaps and gurney, dark chrome elements and matt black wheels. The interior had some exclusive parts such as interior trim in carbon fibre, Alcantara steering wheel and "M Power" embroidered on the handbrake grip. Each car had a numbered plaque with Spengler's signature and the text "DTM champion 2012" above the glove box. As the car was focused on high performance, options as M Drive, M DCT Drivelogic and the M Driver’s Package were fitted as standard equipment. For the car to have everyday usability, options as navigation system, heated seats and PDC were also standard. The DTM Champion Edition was produced from February 2013, in a limited number of 54 cars, the same number as BMW's victories in DTM. In Germany, the price started at €99,000.00 including VAT. E92 M3 Lime Rock Park Edition The M3 Lime Rock Park Edition was a US specific model, with a production limited to 200 cars, painted in Fire Orange. All 200 of these 2013 vehicles came with carbon fiber performance parts, such as roof, front splitter, rear spoiler, competition package, a lowered ride height in front of .60 inches, track style steering with fewer turns to lock and a lightweight muffler, courtesy of BMW's MGmbh division. BMW claims the model has no added horsepower, however, when marketing the lightweight Inconel-titanium BMW Motorsports Exhaust to stock M3 vehicles, BMW Claims that the system adds about 5 H.P. The Lime Rock Park editions were equipped with either 6 speed transmissions, or the optional DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). No changes made to the original 4.0L V8 (414 HP, redline 8300 rpm); however the ECU is programmed slightly differently from standard M3 vehicles with less interference from the dynamic stability control and a less interfering traction control. Each LRP edition's governor is limited for achieving its natural top speed, which is claimed to be 187 MPH (Roughly 300 kph). Each M3 LRP Edition comes with a numbered plaque and paper certificate, each one reading "One of 200" instead of a numbering sequence. BMW did this to ensure none of the cars were worth more than another. Racing Rahal Letterman M3 GT2 racing at the 2009 Petit Le Mans Schnitzer Motorsport's BMW M3 GT2 racing at the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai. E92 M3 GT2 BMW Motorsport announced in February 2008 that Rahal Letterman Racing will campaign two factory-backed E92 M3s in the American Le Mans Series in 2009, following a two-year absence by the brand. The cars are homologated for the GT2 category. This was the cover car for the simulation racing game Need for Speed: Shift. Schnitzer Motorsport entered 2 cars at the 1000 km of Spa and finished 4th after a move by the Ferrari in the final corner. For 2010, BMW Motorsport has been granted entry in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. BMW Motorsport/Schnitzer Motorsport went onto to take an overall win at the 24 Hours Nürburgring with the #25 M3 GT2 of Jörg Müller, Augusto Farfus, Pedro Lamy, and Uwe Alzen while the top competitors from Porsche and Audi dropped out one by one. In addition, one of the M3 GT2's that competed at Le Mans (#79) has been chosen as the 17th BMW Art Car, which will be done by American artist, Jeff Koons. At the 2010 24 Hours of Spa, BMW qualified 1st in class (2nd overall) and maintained 1st with the #79 car throughout the race until it succumbed to a suspension failure with just half an hour remaining, forcing them to give the overall lead to two Porsche 997 GT3-RSRs. The M3s still came 1st in the GTN class. The BMW M3s won the GT2 category in the ILMC 1000 km of Zhuhai. In 2011, the BMW achieved a 1-2 finish in the 12 Hours of Sebring. In the 2011 American Le Mans Series GT class, BMW Team RLL swept all categories, winning the GT manufacturer, team and driver championships. They contest another year in the ALMS GT class, coming off of another fantastic win at the 2012 60th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring. The M3 GT2 was succeeded by the BMW Z4 GTE, an LMGTE specification racing car alongside the Group GT3 spec BMW Z4 GT3. The Z4 GTE started racing at the 2013 12 Hours of Sebring. E92 M3 GT4 On 10 April 2009, the week after the debut of the GT4, BMW's Customer Racing program announced it had partnered with Schubert Motorsport (sponsored by Motorsport Arena Oschersleben) to run the BMW M3 GT4 in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race, in the new class for GT4 cars, listed as SP10 there. The BMW M3 GT4 also raced in the Nürburgring VLN ADAC Westfalenfahrt in April 2009, taking the win in the SP10 class and finishing 30th overall. The 2009 24h race took place on the weekend of 23 and 24 May, with Jörg Müller, Andy Priaulx and sport auto journalist Jochen Übler at the wheel. Despite qualifying as best SP10/GT4 car at 57th overall and being at least 10 seconds per lap faster, the team finished third in the class, behind two Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24. The overall rank was 47th. BMW Motorsport announced on 7 July 2009 the launch of a line of BMW M3 race cars which meet the SRO/FIA's GT4 spec and are oriented for sale to private teams and drivers. The BMW M3 GT4 price is 121,500 EUR without VAT. While BMW states that 'the BMW M3 GT4 weighs just 1,430 kilograms' and the '420 bhp engine remained largely untouched', the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring "Balance of Performance" requires that the power must not exceed 390 PS (385 HP), while the minimum weight is set to 1400 kg. The M3 GT4 is offered in Europe as a homologated production race car for sale to the general public. According to Larry Koch, then BMW NA M-brand manager, a feasibility study is currently being conducted to evaluate the possible sale of the M3 GT4 in North America. However, without a sanctioned GT4-class racing series in the USA, the sale of the M3 GT4 in the States is not likely. Critical reception Arthur St. Antoine of Motor Trend magazine says: "World's single greatest car? Seriously? Yes – the new BMW M3 is unquestionably a contender. Probably no other car combines so many virtues – speed, handling, good looks, roominess, practicality – into one package. Driving the new BMW M3 is an absolutely blissful experience, flooding your brain with dopamine as if you were arriving to courtside seats at the Lakers game with Jennifer Connelly on your arm." -and- "If you put an F1 car and a premium sedan in a blender, the M3 would be the cocktail that pours out. Mmmm, nothing else like it. A toast then: To the BMW M3, the greatest all-around car in the world." Mark Gillies of Car and Driver magazine says: "A car has got to be pretty spectacular to win over the curmudgeons here at 1585 Eisenhower Place, especially when familiarity sets in over the course of 40,000 miles. But our Sparkling Graphite Metallic M3 did indeed win us over.", and "Based on our experience, the current M3 is the world's all-around best car for the money, although several staffers would have preferred to trade some of the coupe's looks for the added practicality of the sedan.", and "This is the finest car on the market, period." Ezra Dyer of Automobile magazine once suggested that "...car magazines generally regard the M3 the same way a four-year-old regards Santa Claus." Jeremy Clarkson of BBC television show Top Gear says: "This [The M3] is the best car, and always will be, and there's no point in ever thinking otherwise." Mark Magrath of Edmunds Inside Line wrote these comments after driving a 2009 E90 M3 saloon in the canyons of Southern California: "This is the best most complete car in the world. It's actually a bargain for what you get. Wow." In the high-performance sports luxury niche (an entry-level luxury/compact executive car with a V8 engine), the E90 M3 (usually an E92 M3 Coupé being tested) has won comparison tests against rivals such as the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG, Lexus IS-F, Audi RS4, Audi RS5 and Cadillac CTS-V.
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https://www.twin-loc.fr Championnat Européen de DRIFT - Bordeaux Mérignac Gironde 13 et 14 septembre 2014 - BMW M3 - Moteur Engine Puissance

Sport 2000, Macot-la-Plagne, France
www.twin-loc.fr Bordeaux race track makes its return on the calendar with a very nice and curvy layout. France is a big motorsport nation and with this event running just 1 week before the final, it means all the best drivers will be in attendance on this demanding circuit. www.kingofeurope.net/2014b/index.php/component/ohanah/pro... La M3 e30 en compétition BMW M3 E30 en course. BMW M3 E30 en DTM (ici lors du Essen Motor Show 2011). Parmi les nombreux préparateurs qui la développèrent et l'engagèrent, l'équipe britannique PRODRIVE de David Richards, connu son heure de gloire avec cette voiture. Elle gagna à 4 reprises la fameuse course d'endurance des 24 Heures de Spa (1987, 1988, 1990 et 1992). En rallyes, elle remporta la première manche du championnat du monde à laquelle elle participa : le Tour de Corse 1987, entre les mains du français Bernard Béguin (avec plus de deux minutes d'avance sur son compatriote Yves Loubet). Avec la M3, Béguin fut vice-champion de France des rallyes en 1987 et 1988. Toujours en rallye, citons aussi : ses deux titres en Championnat de Belgique des rallyes (BRC): en 1988 avec Patrick Snijers, vice-champion d'Europe la même année et 1989 grâce à Marc Duez. ; ses deux titres en Championnat de France des rallyes (CFR) : en 1989 et 1990 pour François Chatriot. Courses sur glace : les deux victoires aux 24 heures sur glace de Chamonix en 1991 et 1992 avec Marcel Tarrès (2), Christian Debias (1) et B. Béguin (1) et les trois autres victoires de M. Tarrès -seul cette fois- à la Ronde de Serre Chevalier en 1991, 1992 (version 4x4) et 1993 (4x4) dans le cadre du Trophée Andros. Au final, la M3 e30 remporta 16 victoires en CFR entre 1987 et 1990, 7 en BRC ,et 9 en ERC avec des pilotes français (6 avec des belges). Dans la foulée Pascal Thomasse obtint deux podiums en Championnat de France D2, en 1990 et 1994. Elle était déclinée tant en version "Groupe N" qu'en "Groupe A". Elle est à l'heure actuelle toujours utilisée par de nombreux pilotes amateurs, partout en Europe (entre'autres en Coupe de France des rallyes, où elle s'est imposée sans discontinuer entre 1990 et 1995, puis en 1998 (E30 et E36): Hugues Delage obtint les coupes 1990, 1993 et 1994, et Dominique de Meyer celle de l'année 1991 et la finale de 1995 (Christophe Lapierre vainqueur de la coupe 1992, et Patrick Rouillard de celle 1998 pour la dernière fois de l'évolution M3); au Liban Nabil Karam s'est imposé en 1991). En Championnat d'Europe de course de côte, elle a remporté le titre de Catégorie I à cinq reprises consécutives avec Francis Dosières entre 1989 et 1993 (voiture homologuée Gr.A); s'en suivirent de nombreux autres titres toujours de Catégorie I pour les versions ultérieures de la M3 Gr.A, avec le tchèque Otakar Krámský (1995, 1997 et 1998), le croate Niko Pulić (1999, 2000 et 2001), le tchèque Robert Šenkýř (2003 et 2004) et l'allemand Jörg Weidinger (2005 et 2006), soit 15 titres de championne d'Europe entre 1989 et 2006. Le Challenge international de la montagne (FCHA) de la FIA ne lui a pas non plus échappé, avec le hongrois László Hernádi (2006, 2007 et 2008). En Tourisme et Grand Tourisme, le titre mondial Tourisme 1987 (le seul attribué durant 18 ans) revint à l'italien Roberto Ravaglia (victoires de la M3 à Jarama, Dijon, aux 24 Heures de Spa, et à Silverstone), le Championnat d'Europe FIA des voitures de tourisme fut remporté en 1987 par Winfried Vogt (plus titre constructeurs) et en 1988 par Roberto Ravaglia, le Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (D.T.M.) pilotes (Tourisme) fut gagné en 1987 par Eric van de Poele et en 1989 encore par Roberto Ravaglia (plus les titres constructeurs de 1987 à 1990), le BTCC (British Touring Cars Championship) le fut par deux fois avec Frank Sytner (1988) et Will Hoy (1991, et titre constructeur), le Championnat de France de Supertourisme le fut aussi par deux fois grâce à Jean-Pierre Malcher (1989 et 1990; plus Dayraut en 2001 sur la version Silhouette), et le titre national Belge Grand Tourisme 1996 revint à l'équipage Hubert/Hubert/Duez; la voiture remporta notamment les 24 Heures du Nürburgring en 1989 (avec Ravaglia), 1990, 1991 et 1992 (Duez alors lauréat), puis 1994, 1996 et 1997 (E36 pour les deux dernières dates), et les 24 Heures de Spa en 1987, 1988 (avec Ravaglia), 1990 et 1992. Ravaglia a ainsi pu obtenir le WTCC (1987), l'ETCC (1988) et le DTM (1989) avec la M3. Dans la foulée il a aussi remporté le Campionato Italiano Superturismo en 1990 et 1991 (16 victoires en deux ans). Sa première grande victoire sur M3 avait été au Grand Prix automobile de Macao, en 1987. M3 E36 (1992-1999) M3 E36 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 1992-1999 Production 71 242 exemplaires Classe Sportive, GT, Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) S50B30 (3.0l) / S50B32 (3 2 l) Puissance maximale 210 kW soit 286 ch (3 l) et 236 kW soit 321 ch (3,2 l) ch Couple maximal 350 Nm à 3 200 tr/min Nm Transmission propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 460 kg pour la 3.0l et 1 474 kg pour la 3.2l kg Vitesse maximale 290 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,4 s pour la 3.2l et 5,7 s à 6 s pour la 3.0l s Consommation mixte Ville/route/mixte : 16,9 / 7,5 / 11,0 L/100 km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé (2 portes), sedan (4 portes) et cabriolet (2 portes) Suspensions Pseudo MacPherson avant/ multi bras arrière Dimensions Longueur 4 430 mm Largeur 1 710 mm Hauteur 1 340 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E30 BMW M3 E46 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E36, commercialisée à partir de 1992 n'a plus grand-chose à voir avec la version précédente : l'E30. En effet, d'un point de vue esthétique, la ligne est entièrement revue. Mais c'est au niveau du moteur que la division "M" de BMW a effectué les plus gros changements : le 4 cylindres de l'E30 est remplacé par un 6 cylindres en ligne de 3 L et gagne ainsi, dans un premier temps, plus de 50 chevaux pour atteindre, sur la première version d'E36, 286 ch. D'autre modifications apparaissent en 1996 avec un 6 cylindres de 3,2 l équipé d'une épure binaire circulaire variable grâce au « vanos », qui lui confère un couple incroyable de 350 Nm. La puissance atteint les 321 ch accouplés à une boîte 6 vitesses, deuxième changement majeur de cette nouvelle version d'E36 M3. Elle a d'ailleurs été élue voiture du XXe siècle par le magazine Auto Plus, et voiture la plus maniable de l'époque par Car and Driver Magazine. M3 E46 (2000-2006) BMW M3 E46 BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2001-2006 Classe Sportives, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence 6 en ligne 3 246 cm3 Puissance maximale 3431 ch Couple maximal 3652 Nm Transmission Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 4853 kg Vitesse maximale 300 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,24 s Consommation mixte 12.1 L/100 km Émission de CO2 292 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) Coupé et Cabriolet Suspensions ??? Dimensions Longueur 4 492 mm Largeur 1 780 mm Hauteur 1 370 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent M3 E36 M3 E92 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle La M3 E46 présente des attributs esthétiques évocateurs : ailes enflées, larges prise d'air, capot bosselé, petit becquet arrière, deux doubles sorties d'échappement, jantes 18" (19" en option), mais l'ensemble se veut haut de gamme et plutôt raffiné. À bord, en revanche, rien de neuf, la M3 se démarque très peu d'un coupé Série 3. Au niveau du moteur, elle possède une mécanique bien peu ordinaire. En effet, le six-cylindres 3,2 L de la version précédente est reconduit mais a gagné 45 cm3, 22 ch et 1,3 mkg de couple, obtenus 1 650 tr/min plus haut. Avec un rendement exceptionnel de 106 ch/litre, ce bloc vient rejoindre le podium des meilleurs « atmos » du moment, juste derrière la Honda S2000 et la Ferrari 360 Modena. Au-delà des chiffres, la disponibilité de cette mécanique sur une large plage d'utilisation réjouit tout autant que sa sonorité sportive à souhait. Un bouton "sport" au tableau de bord améliore la réponse des injecteurs et permet une conduite encore plus active. Au tableau de bord, un compte-tours "thermostatique" vous aide à prendre soin du bijou. Moteur froid, des diodes orange ponctuent chaque 500 tr/min à partir de 4 000 tr/min. Elles s'éteignent ensuite une à une quand le moteur monte en température. Avec ses 343 ch, elle effectue le 0 à 100 km/h en 5"25, 80 à 120 en 5"4 (en 4e). Cette nouvelle version ne fait pas beaucoup mieux que la précédente car elle a grossi et son rapport poids/puissance reste donc inchangé. Niveau consommation, la M3 E46 consomme 11,5 L/100 km, mais peut consommer jusqu'à 60 L/100 km en activant régulièrement le bouton "sport" sur le tableau de bord. En ce qui concerne le freinage, talon d'Achille des BMW M, comme sur l'ancienne version, les quatre grands disques sont suffisants en temps normal, mais leur efficacité est rapidement mise à mal en rythme soutenu pour stopper les 1 500 kg de cette sportive. La M3 E46 perpétue avec brio la réputation liée à son nom. Plus facile et abordable qu'auparavant, elle conserve un rapport prix/performances avantageux. M3 E90/E92 (2007-2013) BMW M3 (E92) BMW M3 Marque BMW Années de production 2007-2012 Classe Sportive, GT Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence V8 4,0 l Puissance maximale 309 kW soit 420 ch Couple maximal 400 Nm Transmission Manuelle 6 rapports Propulsion Poids et performances Poids à vide 1 655 kg Vitesse maximale 310 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s Consommation mixte 12,76 L/100 km Émission de CO2 287 à 2927 g/km Châssis - Carrosserie Carrosserie(s) coupé 2 portes, berline 4 portes et cabriolet Suspensions Ressorts hélicoïdaux amortisseurs à gaz barre antiroulis Dimensions Longueur 4 620 mm Largeur 1 800 mm Hauteur 1 420 mm Chronologie des modèles Précédent BMW M3 E46 BMW M4 F32 Suivant modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle Cette génération de BMW M3 se positionne comme la rivale de l'Audi RS4 (pour la E90) et de l'audi RS5 (pour la E92), mais aussi de la Mercedes C63 AMG Performances S'offrant pour la première fois un moteur à 8 cylindres en V de série, installé en position centrale avant, cette quatrième génération de M3 développe 420 ch à 8 300 tr/min et abat ainsi le 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s. Constitué d'un bloc en alliage d'aluminium et de silicium, le moteur de la BMW M3 affiche une puissance spécifique de 105 ch par litre de cylindrée. Son couple maximum atteint les 400 Nm à 3 900 tr/min, dont 85 % délivré sur une plage de plus de 6 500 tr/min. La M3 se dote en effet d'une distribution variable de 8 papillons de gaz et d'un alternateur débrayable. Séries limitées En novembre 2009, BMW lance la M3 GTS limitée à 250 exemplaires. Sur le plan des performances, elle garde son V8 dont la puissance a été amenée à 450 ch. Sur le plan de l'esthétique, elle se pare d'une couleur orange exclusive avec un aileron typé course. À l'intérieur, BMW adapte la recette qui a fait le succès de la Porsche 911 GT3 RS : pas de GPS, ni de climatisation et des lanières en guise de poignées de portes. Enfin, le coupé perd ses deux places à l'arrière, et les remplace par un arceau-cage couleur carrosserie, un extincteur de course, donnant l'impression qu'il s'agit plus d'une bête de course qu'une voiture de tous les jours. Elle est d'ailleurs souvent comparée à la BMW M3 GTR E46. L'année suivante, BMW dévoile la M3 Frozen Gray. Produite à seulement trente exemplaires, et seulement aux États-Unis, elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte (référencée comme Frozen Gray chez BMW), ses jantes 19 pouces à l'extérieur, et son cuir bi-ton roux et noir à l'intérieur. Le moteur conserve ses 420 chevaux, mais la boîte DCT à double embrayage est fournie de série. Tout acheteur de cette Frozen Gray se verra offrir un stage de la BMW Performance Driving School. En juin 2011, un modèle encore plus exclusif la CRT (pour Carbon Racing Technology), basé sur la M3 Saloon E90 fait la part belle au carbone, permettant la perte de 45 kg, le tout en gardant les équipements de confort (GPS et climatisation) qui font d'elle une berline de luxe. Elle est produite à seulement 67 exemplaires, le moteur garde ses 420 chevaux, mais il s'agit de la première édition spéciale de la M3 qui n'est disponible qu'en berline 4 portes. Toutefois, il faut noter qu'à l'arrière, ce ne sont plus trois personnes, mais deux personnes qui pourront s'y asseoir, dans deux beaux sièges baquets. Elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte son cuir rouge, et ses jantes Full Black. En 2012, BMW sort 3 séries spéciales de sa M3 en France. La M3 CS, la M3 Frozen 40 et la M3 DTM Champion Edition. La M3 CS, exclusivement française, se distingue par une teinte bleue matte éclatante (Frozen Blau), ainsi que par son intérieur aux surpiqûres bleues, avec une touche de rouge sur le volant. Il s'agit d'une version dépouillée, spécialement destinée aux virées sur circuit. La M3 Frozen 40, elle, a été créée pour toute l'Europe, et célébrait les 40 ans de BMW Motorsport. Elle se distingue à l'extérieur d'une M3 « normale » grâce à une calandre chromée, ainsi que des sorties d'échappement et des ouïes latérales noires. La version Frozen 40 dispose aussi de 4 coloris spécifiques mats, toutes nommées Frozen, que ce soit en bleu, bleu foncé, blanc ou rouge. À l'intérieur, la sellerie est exclusive, et les surpiqûres sont assorties à la teinte extérieure. Enfin, la version M3 DTM Champion Edition est un hommage à Bruno Spengler, le pilote canadien victorieux du championnat allemand DTM sur BMW M3. Elle est très facilement reconnaissable, grâce à sa teinte matte Frozen Black, ses bandes de pavillon aux couleurs de Motorsport, ainsi que le sticker sponsor sur la vitre de custode. Les jantes full black rajoutent une touche d'agressivité à la voiture. À l'intérieur, les inserts en carbone reçoivent la signature de Bruno Spengler, ainsi qu'une numérotation. Seulement 54 exemplaires seront produits. The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3-Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M. M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 3-series, and sold with coupe, saloon and convertible body styles. Upgrades over the "standard" 3-Series automobiles include more powerful and responsive engines, improved handling/suspension/braking systems, aerodynamic body enhancements, and interior/exterior accents with the tri-colour "M" (Motorsport) emblem. The last M3 coupe was produced in Germany on 5 July 2013. Part of BMW's renumbering to move the 3-Series coupe and convertible to the 4-Series, the M3 name will remain with the saloon version as the coupe version has ceased production and has been replaced by the M4 Coupe starting with the 2015 model year. E92 M3 ZCP Competition Package For 2011, BMW added the ZCP Competition Package to the M3’s lineup. Unlike the ZCP offered on the previous generation E46, the newest package didn’t change very much about the E92. Most of the adjustments were made to suspension components and the computer governing stability control. The changes for the E92 ZCP are as follows: - The suspension has been lowered by 10mm. The spring rates are the same, but the springs themselves are shorter, to compensate for the shorter stance. The suspension’s shock damping was also adjusted by the M division. This was in order to compensate for the lower ride height, primarily for rebounding damping rates as opposed to actual compression. - The Electronic Damper Control in the “Sport Mode” has been modified. A quote taken from the Manager of BMWNA’s M Division, Larry Koch: “The Sport Mode before ZCP was locked at 75% of the way to full stiff. It still has that as a default, but is now variable like the ‘Comfort’ and ‘Normal’ modes.” This translates to a stiffer ride whilst sport mode is engaged, aiding heavy cornering on a track at a cost to ride comfort when driving normally on the road. - Modifications have been made to the computer governing the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) in M Dynamic Mode. It is reworked and renamed to “Dynamic Traction Control” (DTC) which allows for larger angles of slip in heavy cornering. This translates to the rear end sliding out further than would be allowed on a non-ZCP M3 before the DTC kicks in to stop the tail slide. Also, once the DTC does kick in, instead of cutting power to the wheels in order to correct the slide (which is normal for the DSC on stock M3s), the DTC computer instead applies the brakes to individual wheels in order to keep the car from spinning excessively. - In addition, forged 19 inch wheels in the same style as those on the E46 CSL are added to the car. E92 M3 GTS M3 GTS at the Autosport International Show 2011. BMW announced the M3 GTS in November 2009. The car is powered by a 4.4-litre V8 based on the 4.0-litre engine found in the standard M3, which produces a maximum of 450 PS (331 kW; 444 hp). The car weighs 300 pounds less than the standard M3 due to various weight savings. A total of only 250 units were produced. This can accelerate from 0-62 mph in just 4.3 seconds and 0-100 mph in 8.5 seconds. In Germany deliveries began in May 2010 while other countries were scheduled for the summer of 2010. The BMW E92 M3 GTS was priced at around €115,000 per unit. All E92 M3 GTS models have been sold. E90 M3 CRT The M3 CRT (Carbon Racing Technology) was announced in June 2011 as a 2012 model. It is powered by the same engine as the GTS, but in opposite to the GTS coupe with roll cage and 4-point harnesses, the CRT is a saloon with navigation, high-end sound system etc. as standard equipment. Despite these luxury extras, the car still weighs 100 lb (45 kg) less than a regular M3 saloon. Compared to a saloon with the same luxury equipment, it weighs 155 lb (70 kg) less. The production will be limited to 67 cars, all numbered with a plaque on the dashboard. And it is claimed that it can accelerate from 0 to 62 mph (100 km/h) in just 4.4 seconds. E92 M3 DTM Champion Edition BMW Motorsport returned to the DTM in 2012, and the "DTM Champion Edition" was built to commemorate it winning the championship. The "DTM Champion Edition" was available only in the Frozen Black paint finish with the same M stripes over the roof and boot lid as on Bruno Spengler’s race car. It also incorporated visual clues to the race car, such as carbon flaps and gurney, dark chrome elements and matt black wheels. The interior had some exclusive parts such as interior trim in carbon fibre, Alcantara steering wheel and "M Power" embroidered on the handbrake grip. Each car had a numbered plaque with Spengler's signature and the text "DTM champion 2012" above the glove box. As the car was focused on high performance, options as M Drive, M DCT Drivelogic and the M Driver’s Package were fitted as standard equipment. For the car to have everyday usability, options as navigation system, heated seats and PDC were also standard. The DTM Champion Edition was produced from February 2013, in a limited number of 54 cars, the same number as BMW's victories in DTM. In Germany, the price started at €99,000.00 including VAT. E92 M3 Lime Rock Park Edition The M3 Lime Rock Park Edition was a US specific model, with a production limited to 200 cars, painted in Fire Orange. All 200 of these 2013 vehicles came with carbon fiber performance parts, such as roof, front splitter, rear spoiler, competition package, a lowered ride height in front of .60 inches, track style steering with fewer turns to lock and a lightweight muffler, courtesy of BMW's MGmbh division. BMW claims the model has no added horsepower, however, when marketing the lightweight Inconel-titanium BMW Motorsports Exhaust to stock M3 vehicles, BMW Claims that the system adds about 5 H.P. The Lime Rock Park editions were equipped with either 6 speed transmissions, or the optional DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). No changes made to the original 4.0L V8 (414 HP, redline 8300 rpm); however the ECU is programmed slightly differently from standard M3 vehicles with less interference from the dynamic stability control and a less interfering traction control. Each LRP edition's governor is limited for achieving its natural top speed, which is claimed to be 187 MPH (Roughly 300 kph). Each M3 LRP Edition comes with a numbered plaque and paper certificate, each one reading "One of 200" instead of a numbering sequence. BMW did this to ensure none of the cars were worth more than another. Racing Rahal Letterman M3 GT2 racing at the 2009 Petit Le Mans Schnitzer Motorsport's BMW M3 GT2 racing at the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai. E92 M3 GT2 BMW Motorsport announced in February 2008 that Rahal Letterman Racing will campaign two factory-backed E92 M3s in the American Le Mans Series in 2009, following a two-year absence by the brand. The cars are homologated for the GT2 category. This was the cover car for the simulation racing game Need for Speed: Shift. Schnitzer Motorsport entered 2 cars at the 1000 km of Spa and finished 4th after a move by the Ferrari in the final corner. For 2010, BMW Motorsport has been granted entry in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. BMW Motorsport/Schnitzer Motorsport went onto to take an overall win at the 24 Hours Nürburgring with the #25 M3 GT2 of Jörg Müller, Augusto Farfus, Pedro Lamy, and Uwe Alzen while the top competitors from Porsche and Audi dropped out one by one. In addition, one of the M3 GT2's that competed at Le Mans (#79) has been chosen as the 17th BMW Art Car, which will be done by American artist, Jeff Koons. At the 2010 24 Hours of Spa, BMW qualified 1st in class (2nd overall) and maintained 1st with the #79 car throughout the race until it succumbed to a suspension failure with just half an hour remaining, forcing them to give the overall lead to two Porsche 997 GT3-RSRs. The M3s still came 1st in the GTN class. The BMW M3s won the GT2 category in the ILMC 1000 km of Zhuhai. In 2011, the BMW achieved a 1-2 finish in the 12 Hours of Sebring. In the 2011 American Le Mans Series GT class, BMW Team RLL swept all categories, winning the GT manufacturer, team and driver championships. They contest another year in the ALMS GT class, coming off of another fantastic win at the 2012 60th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring. The M3 GT2 was succeeded by the BMW Z4 GTE, an LMGTE specification racing car alongside the Group GT3 spec BMW Z4 GT3. The Z4 GTE started racing at the 2013 12 Hours of Sebring. E92 M3 GT4 On 10 April 2009, the week after the debut of the GT4, BMW's Customer Racing program announced it had partnered with Schubert Motorsport (sponsored by Motorsport Arena Oschersleben) to run the BMW M3 GT4 in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race, in the new class for GT4 cars, listed as SP10 there. The BMW M3 GT4 also raced in the Nürburgring VLN ADAC Westfalenfahrt in April 2009, taking the win in the SP10 class and finishing 30th overall. The 2009 24h race took place on the weekend of 23 and 24 May, with Jörg Müller, Andy Priaulx and sport auto journalist Jochen Übler at the wheel. Despite qualifying as best SP10/GT4 car at 57th overall and being at least 10 seconds per lap faster, the team finished third in the class, behind two Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24. The overall rank was 47th. BMW Motorsport announced on 7 July 2009 the launch of a line of BMW M3 race cars which meet the SRO/FIA's GT4 spec and are oriented for sale to private teams and drivers. The BMW M3 GT4 price is 121,500 EUR without VAT. While BMW states that 'the BMW M3 GT4 weighs just 1,430 kilograms' and the '420 bhp engine remained largely untouched', the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring "Balance of Performance" requires that the power must not exceed 390 PS (385 HP), while the minimum weight is set to 1400 kg. The M3 GT4 is offered in Europe as a homologated production race car for sale to the general public. According to Larry Koch, then BMW NA M-brand manager, a feasibility study is currently being conducted to evaluate the possible sale of the M3 GT4 in North America. However, without a sanctioned GT4-class racing series in the USA, the sale of the M3 GT4 in the States is not likely. Critical reception Arthur St. Antoine of Motor Trend magazine says: "World's single greatest car? Seriously? Yes – the new BMW M3 is unquestionably a contender. Probably no other car combines so many virtues – speed, handling, good looks, roominess, practicality – into one package. Driving the new BMW M3 is an absolutely blissful experience, flooding your brain with dopamine as if you were arriving to courtside seats at the Lakers game with Jennifer Connelly on your arm." -and- "If you put an F1 car and a premium sedan in a blender, the M3 would be the cocktail that pours out. Mmmm, nothing else like it. A toast then: To the BMW M3, the greatest all-around car in the world." Mark Gillies of Car and Driver magazine says: "A car has got to be pretty spectacular to win over the curmudgeons here at 1585 Eisenhower Place, especially when familiarity sets in over the course of 40,000 miles. But our Sparkling Graphite Metallic M3 did indeed win us over.", and "Based on our experience, the current M3 is the world's all-around best car for the money, although several staffers would have preferred to trade some of the coupe's looks for the added practicality of the sedan.", and "This is the finest car on the market, period." Ezra Dyer of Automobile magazine once suggested that "...car magazines generally regard the M3 the same way a four-year-old regards Santa Claus." Jeremy Clarkson of BBC television show Top Gear says: "This [The M3] is the best car, and always will be, and there's no point in ever thinking otherwise." Mark Magrath of Edmunds Inside Line wrote these comments after driving a 2009 E90 M3 saloon in the canyons of Southern California: "This is the best most complete car in the world. It's actually a bargain for what you get. Wow." In the high-performance sports luxury niche (an entry-level luxury/compact executive car with a V8 engine), the E90 M3 (usually an E92 M3 Coupé being tested) has won comparison tests against rivals such as the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG, Lexus IS-F, Audi RS4, Audi RS5 and Cadillac CTS-V.
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LOCATIONS VACANCES A LA MER TUNISIE: appartement a La Marsa

Maison de la Rando, Font-Romeu, France
Pour plus de renseignements, visitez mon site au darbarhoum.blogspot.com A Louer Maison meublé dans un quartier bourgeois au centre ville de la Marsa à la zone la plus recherché de TUNIS dans la banlieue nord de Tunis, dans une résidence sécurisée et calme proche de touts commerces et services. 120m de la Résidence de l'Ambassade de France et 1km de la résidence de l'ambassade de L'ANGLETERRE à 300m de la plage. Pour une semaine, un moins ou plus. Pour vos missions Vacances. Voyages à Tunis. Pour plus de renseignements, visitez mon site au darbarhoum.blogspot.com S+2. Cuisine américaine équipée. gaz de ville. Coin repas. Vaisselle. Sdb. chauffe-eau. Séchoir. Clim. TV Sat. Rdc. Ent. Indép. D une surface habitable de 62m² avec beaucoup de charme plus séchoir 8m². peut accueillir jusqu'à 3 à 4 personnes. proche de toutes les destinations, 20 mn du centre ville de Tunis. 15mn de l'aéroport de Tunis Carthage. 3 mn du Lycée Gustave-Flaubert (Cailloux) La Marsa . 5mn de Sidi Bou Said. 10mn de Carthage. 5mn de centre commercial carrefour et 10mn des Berges du Lac. Pour plus de renseignements, visitez mon site au darbarhoum.blogspot.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Les posts du Blog : Quimper : histoire d'une cité d'art en Cornouaille département du Finistère Par Véro, Bretagne - Tags Après avoir visité le site des faïenciers de Locmaria, à l'entrée de la ville, je décide de découvrir le centre historique de Quimper. Cette capitale départementale du Finistère, bien qu'éloignée de 15 km des côtes atlantiques et des plages de Bénodet, a longtemps vécu, au fond de sa ria, au rythme des marées qui continuent inlassablement à grossir puis à vider le lit de l'Odet. Depuis l'Antiquité, la vie de Quimper (confluent en Breton) s'est organisée près du guet, au port de Locmaria, puis peu à peu, ce fut en amont, à la jonction du Steir, du Frout et de l'Odet que les habitants s'installèrent. J'aperçois, depuis les allées de Locmaria, la mythique et sublime Cathédrale Saint-Corentin, construite dès le XIII ème siècle, dans un style gothique. Ses flèches s'élancent à 77 mètres de haut, dans le ciel breton. Elle est un peu à l'image de Notre-Dame de Paris. J'y vois d'étranges ressemblances, un imposant portail rentrant chargé de statuettes et de sculptures, des flèches, un bourdon pour les heures graves, un immense parvis. Flèches de la Cathédrale Saint-Corentin à Quimper Les travaux de rénovation ont duré plus de 20 ans, mais elle est diablement (!) belle cette cathédrale. Au début du XIII ème siècle, Philippe-Auguste, Roi de France, instaure fortement son autorité sur la Bretagne. De splendides demeures construites par les responsables ecclésiastiques et les seigneurs se construisent autour de ce nouveau quartier. Je comprends la fierté et l'attachement des Quimpérois pour le centre historique de leur cité, qu'ils redécouvrent depuis un an à peine. C'est du plus profond de l'imaginaire collectif que remonte un personnage légendaire du XV ème siècle : Gradlon, roi perdu et affamé depuis l'engloutissement de sa ville d'Ys, errait sur les bords de la rivière Odet. Recueilli par l'ermite Corentin, devenu son meilleur ami, il le gratifie pour son aide, lui donne son château de Quimper, et le fait évêque de Cornouaille. Ceinture de remparts et de mâchicoulis bordant l'Odet, protégeant la ville close de Quimper Face à la Cathédrale, sur la rive gauche de l'Odet, voici la préfecture du Finistère que je rejoins par le Pont Sainte-Catherine. Autrefois, cette partie de la ville était hors des remparts. L'architecture de ce bâtiment, ouvert le 30 août 1909, rappelle le style des châteaux Louis XII. Les allées fleuries de l'Odet et les marronniers apportent une singulière touche champêtre. La ville à la campagne ! La Préfecture de Quimper sur l'Odet Jadis, le cœur de la cité finistérienne était scindé en deux. Le quartier sous l'autorité de l'évêque, intra muros et l'autre sous la coupe du seigneur. Le pont Médard qui enjambe le Steir permettait de sortir de la " ville close ". La place de la terre au Duc illustre parfaitement ces deux aspects moyenâgeux de la ville. Maison fortifiée par une échauguette au pont Médard sur le Steir à Quimper Un souffle nouveau, celui de la Renaissance, voit éclore des maisons à pans de bois et des hôtels particuliers. La Bretagne vient de rejoindre la France en l'an 1532. Les fondations du panorama urbain vont alors traverser les siècles. Nobles, bourgeois, commerçants, artisans et corporations s'installent dans ces rues et investissent les places : place Salé (pour les charcutiers), place au Beurre, rue des Boucheries, rue Kéréon (pour les cordonniers), rue René Madec. Les encorbellements sur trois étages permettent alors de gagner de la surface habitable sur l'étroitesse des artères. Quelques 70 maisons rappellent le temps des métiers familiaux. Cette maison à colombages, équipée des trois encorbellements, est typique du Quimper historique. Au rez-de-chaussée, un artisan pâtissier y propose d'excellentes gourmandises, les macarons de Philomène ! Demeure à encorbellements et statuette d'une fouesnantaise en costume traditionnel Quimper bruisse toujours de son art de la statuaire, en faïence ou en bois sculpté. Il était fréquent de graver une inscription ou de nicher sur une façade une icône religieuse ou des cariatides. C'était pour les gens leur manière d'afficher une réussite sociale, des croyances, une culture. Statue de la Vierge sur un mur de Quimper Cariatides supportant les piliers d'une maison du vieux Quimper A visiter à Quimper : Le Musée breton Le Musée des Beaux-Arts Les faïenceries HB-Henriot Quelques villes à caractère historique, proches de Quimper : Locronan, Pont l'Abbé, Concarneau, Pont-Croix. Les hébergements de vacances sur Quimper et les environs : Quimper Hébergement de Vacances : Quimper Camping (place pour camper, mobilehomes, bingalow), Quimper Chambre chez l'habitant (Chambres hôtes), Quimper Gite étape , Hotel Quimper, Location vacances Quimper Ergué Gabéric Hébergement de vacances : Gite rural sur Ergué Gabéric, Hôtel à Ergué Gabéric dans le Finistère 29, Chambre hôte Ergué Gabéric, Location de Vacances Ergué Gabéric Plomelin Habitation de vacances : Location gîte rural Plomelin Bretagne, Location de vacances Plomelin Finistère Pluguffan Hébergement de vacances : Hôtel Pluguffan, Locations meublées Pluguffan, Gite de France et Clévacances sur Pluguffan, Chambre hote à Pluguffan Photos de Plagne Villages et Plagne Soleil Par Véro, Snow-board - Tags Difficile de séparer les deux hameaux si proches. La Plagne Soleil se situe à 2030 m d'altitude, Plagne Villages est à 2050 m tout comme le hameau de Belle Plagne. Plagne Soleil tire son nom de son exposition privilégiée et de l'ensoleillement qui en découle. Plagne Villages est en bordure de forêt. Plagne Villages et Plagne Soleil sont des ensembles de chalets de plus petite taille qui en font le quartier le plus "chic" de La Plagne. La plupart des chalets de Plagne Soleil sont des chalets locatifs individuels. Les deux hameaux sont situés au plein cœur des pistes avec un panorama exceptionnel. Une liaison avec La Plagne centre est assurée jusqu'à 1h du matin, sinon celle-ci se trouve à 1 minute à ski. Au premier plan Plagne Villages, au fond Plagne Soleil Plagne Villages et Plagne Soleil devant le Mont Blanc Les différents hébergements à Plagne Village - Sejour Plagne Villages : Hôtel à Plagne Villages (Séjour détente hotels en Savoie) Loc saisonnière sur la Plagne (location saisonnière à Macot La Plagne Haute Tarentaise) Location appartement La Plagne (Loc entre particulier à Plagne Village) Residence touristique La Plagne Village (Village résidentiel dans les Alpes) La Plagne Soleil et ses chalets individuels La Plagne Soleil, au soleil... Au dessous, la Plagne Centre, à droite, Plagne Villages Où se loger sur Plagne Soleil ? : Les locations de vacances à Plagne Soleil : Annonce appartement sur Plagne soleil (Annonces locations appartements sur La Plagne) A Louer Gite résidence sur La Plagne (Gites sur la Domaine skiable du Paradiski) Hotel sur La Plagne Soleil (Réserver chambre dhotel sur Macôt La Plagne) Location saisonnière Plagne Macot ( louer chalet ski et appartement pour la saison) Location vacances sur la Plagne (Séjour de ski Plagne Soleil en Savoie 73) Location maison de vacances à La Plagne Soleil (Maisons de vacances à louer dans les Alpes du Nord) Résidence de tourisme sur Plagne Soleil (Séjour sports d'hiver à La Plagne) Les villages les plus proches de Plagne Villages et de Plagne Soleil sont : Mâcot-la-Plagne, La Côte Aime, Les Chapelles, Granier, Valezan, Landry, Bellentre, Peisey Nancroix, Montgirod et Notre Dame du Pré. Les sites de l´annuaire : Location de maison à l'année Finistère sud Location appartements meublés ou maison à l'année dans le hameau de Rédéné ( manoir de Kervehennec) dans le Finistère sud entre Lorient et Quimperlé. Les locations de caractère se situent à 10 km de l'anse du Pouldu, 12 km de Moëlan sur Mer et 20 km de Pont Aven. Location de longères et appartements meublés dans un ancien manoirs et ses fermettes rénovés (17 et 18 ème siècle) formant un hameau sur la commune de Rédéné. Location à l'année de fermes rénovées (location nue c'est à dire non meublée). Logements de 60 à 90 m² avec garage ou parking. Renseignements et réservations : 06 18 64 73 76 Thèmes abordés : Location longère à l'année 29, Location maison proche Quimper, Location Meublé de caractère Finistère sud, Louer maison proche Lorient, Location maison PAP Finistère 29, Locations maison de charme Kervehennec, Location maison longue durée 29, Maison à louer Bretagne, Appartement à louer Finistère , Location ferme rénovée Finistère. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire La région Bretagne > Annuaire Le département du Finistère 29 > Annuaire Hébergement dans le Finistère > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Hébergement dans le Finistère. Locations de vacances Guadeloupe Villaplage est un groupement de propriétaires mettant à disposition des hébergements situés chez l'habitant. Hébergements de vacances à la Guadeloupe (hébergement chez l'habitant), locations de vacances au Gosier (au croisement des villes de Pointe-à-Pitre, Abymes et Sainte Anne) : * location studio Guadeloupe à 200 m de la plage * location appartement F4 Guadeloupe * location appartement T3 dans villa Guadeloupe * location appartement T2 dans une maison * location studio dans une maison * location appartement F1 dans une villa * location appartement F4 face à la mer Sur le site, vous trouverez également de la location de voiture en Guadeloupe (véhicules de tourisme) : voitures catégorie B, 5 portes, autoradio, lecteur CD. Renseignements au 06.90.75.71.77 Thèmes abordés : Location appartement Guadeloupe, Location studio Antilles, Location voiture Guadeloupe, Logement Caraibes, Logement de vacances Guadeloupe, Locations le Gosier Guadeloupe, Hébergement chez l'habitant Guadeloupe, Appartement à louer Guadeloupe, Véhicule de tourisme Guadeloupe, Studio face à la Mer Guadeloupe. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire Départements et Territoires d'Outre Mer > Annuaire La Guadeloupe > Annuaire Hébergement à la Guadeloupe > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Hébergement à la Guadeloupe. Location de maisons de vacances Cofman est une agence immobilière spécialisée dans la location de maison de vacances. Grâce au site en ligne vous pouvez choisir votre destination de vacances partout en France et dans de nombreux pays d'Europe. Selon les critères sélectionnés (géographie, taille, agréments comme piscine, lave linge, date de vacances, vue mer...) vous serez orientés vers un large catalogue de locations de vacances avec photos. Cofman.fr permet de réserver une maison de vacances en France grâce à sa centrale de réservation. Villa bords de mer en Corse, maison de campagne en Alsace, appartement sur la côte méditerranéenne, chalet à la montagne, mas en Provence, vous trouverez le logement qui vous convient sur le site. Liens vers les locations de vacances en Europe (Italie Toscane ou Venise, Croatie, Espagne, Portugal, Autriche, Norvège...) Thèmes abordés : Maison de vacances à louer, Logement de vacances en france, Location belles demeures France, Location maisons de campagne, Loaction vacances Toscane Italie, Location maison avec piscine , Centrale de réservation maison de vacances, Location villa vue mer, Appartement à louer à la montagne, Reservation villa Cote d'azur. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire Tourisme en France > Annuaire Centrale de réservation logements de vacances en France > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Centrale de réservation logements de vacances en France. Gîte rural à Bergheim en Alsace Suzanne et Martin proposent à la location pour les vacances, un week-end ou pour une location saisonnière, trois appartements de charme (type F2) et une maison (63 m2, 2 chambres). Les hébergements proposés sont tous regroupés autour d'une cour privée fleurie au cœur du village de Bergheim. Location saisonnière de particuliers avec tout le confort nécessaire pour passer d'agréables vacances dans cette partie touristique de l'Alsace (route des vins, Colmar, Riquewir...). Meublés de tourisme 4 étoiles, Gite de France 3 épis. Martin et Suzanne Weyer : 7, rue de la Croix - 68750 BERGHEIM tel : 03.89.73.66.99 Thèmes abordés : Gîtes rural Bergheim, Gîtes alsace, Location maison Alsace, Location appartement vacances Alsace, Gîtes de France Bergheim, Hébergement Alsace, Locations vacances en Alsace, Louer chambre Alsace, Meublé de tourisme Alsace, Séjour vacances Haut Rhin. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire La région Alsace > Annuaire Le département du Haut Rhin > Annuaire Hébergement dans le Haut Rhin > Annuaire Gite rural dans le Haut Rhin (68) > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Gite rural dans le Haut Rhin (68). Location de vacances à Montpellier dans l'Hérault Cette location meublée est située à Montpellier. Les caractéristiques de l'Appart Meublé Welcome : - location située dans le centre historique de Montpellier - location face à la Préfecture de Montpellier - la terrasse de location donne sur la rue Foch - l'appartement meublé est tout proche de la gare de Montpellier. L'appart est à 10 minutes en marchant de la gare SNCF Saint Roch. - la location est proche de l'aéroport de Montpellier Fréjorgues. Elle est à 10 kilomètres de l'aérodrome Montpellierain. - l'appartement est proche également de la plage. Il est à 12 kilomètres des plages de sable (plage du Petit Travers, plage des Aresquiers, plage de l'Espiguette) L'Appartement Meublé Welcome est entièrement équipé et aménagé : - appartement avec tout le confort - location appart jusqu'à 4 personnes - Il est possible de louer l'appart la semaine, pour le weekend, ou pour le mois. * Location de vacances à Montpellier : Appartement en duplex entièrement équipé et aménagé pour votre plus grand confort, sa terrasse sur la rue Foch est équipée d'une table bistro, chaises et un sofa. * Centre historique : Situé en plein cœur du centre historique piéton de Montpellier sur la rue Foch et non loin de la promenade du Peyrou et son château d'eau, le jardin des plantes. * Equipements : Accès internet, grand écran Lcd avec chaines câblées, climatisation, grill vitro céramique, plaque de cuisson gaz, four électrique, micro onde, équipements pour le petit déjeuner. Le linge de maison est à votre disposition. * Capacité : L'appart meublé Welcome peut recevoir jusqu'à 4 personnes, lit 140*19 et un couchage 2 places sur canapé futon convertible, le linge est à votre disposition. * Proche tout commerce : Situé en plein cœur du centre piéton, tous les commerces et les restaurants sont à quelques minutes à pied. Accès facile et parking de la ville au pied de l'immeuble. Gilles : 10 rue de la valfère - 34000 MONTPELLIER - France Téléphone : 0033661194061 Les villes et les villages les plus touristiques proches de Montpellier sont : Palavas les Flots, Maugio, Vic la Gardiole, Candillargues, Gigean, La Grande Motte, Le Grau du Roi, Puéchabon, Balaruc les Bains, Bouzigues, Aigues Mortes, Sète. Thèmes abordés : Location appartement meublé sur Montpellier 34, Louer appart de vacances à la semaine Hérault, Trouver une location de vacances en Languedoc, Location meublée pour weekend Montpellier, Réserver appart tout équipé Montpellier centre, Locations appartement duplex Monpellier, Logement de vacances proche gare SNCF Montpellier, Logement à la semaine près aéroport Montpellier, Où se loger près de Palavas les Flots ?, Bel appart à louer 34000 Languedoc Roussillon. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire La région Languedoc-Roussillon > Annuaire Le département de L'hérault 34 > Annuaire Montpellier > Annuaire Hébergement Montpellier > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Hébergement Montpellier. Petit gîte en Bretagne Ty Bihan Baradoz est une petite maison meublée à louer à Scrignac en Bretagne centre à 20 minutes de Morlaix. Cette "petite maison du paradis" peut accueillir 2 personnes (et un enfant). Elle dispose d'un petit jardin de 50m2 avec terrasse, d'un rez de chaussée avec cuisine et salon (télévision et TNT) et d'un étage avec un lit 2 personnes et un lit 1 personne. La maisonnette a été rénovée en 2007 et sa pierre est chaleureuse. Location de la maison toute l'année, à la semaine ou en week-end ou nuitée selon les saisons. Gite proche de la légendaire forêt de Huelgoat mais aussi des Monts d'Arée. La maison se situe à 30 minutes de la mer la plus proche. Sa location est idéale pour la découverte des sentiers de randonnée bretons. Location gite de vacances à 2, tarifs très intéressants. Thèmes abordés : Location petit gîte Bretagne, Location maison pas cher Finistère, Gite 2 personnes Morlaix, Petit gite à louer Finistère, Location vacances en Bretagne, Location gite Monts d'Arrée, Gite 2 personnes Finistère, Gite pour rando Bretagne, Louer meublé Finistère, Location petite maison Bretagne. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire Bretagne > Annuaire Hébergement en Bretagne > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Hébergement en Bretagne. Location appartement dans un chalet aux 2 Alpes LOCATION été ou hiver d'un APPARTEMENT DANS UN CHALET DE MONTAGNE : le Canoa Quebrada Bis situé au pied des pistes aux 2 Alpes. Location appartement de charme classé 3 étoiles aux Deux Alpes : appartement 48 m2, 3 pièces (2 chambres) pour au maximum six personnes. Description de l'appartement à louer aux Deux Alpes : - local à skis dans l'entrée - cuisine américaine, salle à manger, salon - 2 chambres - télévision - salle de bain avec baignoire - 2 terrasses de 13m2 chacune avec salon de jardin et barbecue - parking privatif Le propriétaire est moniteur de ski à l'ESF des 2 Alpes et sa femme est hôtesse d'accueil à l'Office du Tourisme des 2 Alpes. Chalet Canoa Quebrada : 6 Chemin de la Séa - 38860 LES 2 ALPES 04 76 79 53 19 Thèmes abordés : Séjour aux 2 Alpes, Vacances aux Deux Alpes, Location 3 pièces aux 2 Alpes, Appartement à louer 2 Alpes, Chalet 6 personnes 2 Alpes, Appartement pied des pistes aux 2 Alpes, Appartement charme 2 Alpes, Appartement dans chalet au x2 Alpes, Location vacances Deux Alpes, Vacances montagne location. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire La région Rhône-Alpes > Annuaire Le département de l'Isère 38 > Annuaire Mont-de-Lans 38860 > Annuaire Les 2 Alpes > Annuaire Hébergements aux deux Alpes > Annuaire Locations saisonnières aux 2 Alpes > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Locations saisonnières aux 2 Alpes. Location à de Gîtes à Concarneau en Bretagne Location de deux grands gites à Concarneau en Bretagne dans le sud Finistère 29 Les gîtes se trouvent sur un terrain de 2 hectares. Les gîtes ont été rénovés récemment et sont de grande qualité (gîte classé 4 étoiles ****) Les deux maisons de vacances disposent d'un parking privatif et d'un jardin. Location de gîte et maison ouverte toute l'année (location toute l'année). Maison de maître rénovée, terrasse en bois plein sud. Vous profiterez du calme de la campagne en étant proche de la mer et des commerces. Les gîtes sont entièrement équipés : - avec accès Wifi - avec lave-vaisselle et éléments de cuisson - avec télévision et réfrigérateur-congélateur - vaisselle, four micro-ondes, cafetière, grille-pain, lave-linge, aspirateur - table et fer à repasser - lits d'appoint et "kits bébés"(lit, parc, chaise...) - table et chaises de jardin, bains de soleil et transats, barbecue Gaëlle et Fred Sebire Les gîtes de Kerveil Kerveil 29900 Concarneau Téléphone : 06 12 96 79 10 et 06 82 17 09 92 Les villes et villages près de Concarneau sont : Trégunc, Forêt-Fouesnant, Fouesnant, Melgven, Pleuven, Saint-Évarzec, Saint-Yvi, Clohars-Fouesnant, Rosporden, Névez, Pont-Aven, Elliant, Bénodet, Gouesnach, Ergué-Gabéric, Riec-sur-Belon, Combrit, Bannalec, Tourch, Plomelin, Île-Tudy, Loctudy, Quimper et le Trévoux Thèmes abordés : Louer très beau gîte dans le Finistère sud 29, Gite classé 4 étoiles **** Bretagne, Louer maison avec parking et jardin 29, Location maison de maître Bretagne, Louer maison vacances avec WIFI, Trouver gîte avec accès internet wi-fi Bretagne, Gîtes à louer près de Quimper, Maison de vacances à louer près de Forêt Fouesnant, Locations près de Pont-Aven, Recherche maison vacance près de Névez. Tags Catégorie > Annuaire Tourisme et Découverte > Annuaire La région Bretagne > Annuaire Le département du Finistère 29 > Annuaire Concarneau 29900 > Annuaire Hébergements à Concarneau > Annuaire Gîtes d'étape et de séjour à Concarneau > Soumettre un site dans la catégorie Gîtes d'étape et de séjour à Concarneau 55 000 annonces de location de vacances. Vous êtes à la recherche d’une location vacances en France, un appartement en Espagne, une villa sur la côte d’azur, un riad à Marrakech ou une location de gîte pour un séjour en amoureux ou des vacances en famille. Consultez toutes nos disponibilités, comparez les tarifs, visualisez les photos des différentes locations qui vous interessent et contactez directement les propriétaires, sans frais intermédiaire. La location vacances entre particuliers présente de nombreux avantages comparativement aux autres types d'hébergements marchands. Idéale pour des vacances en famille ou entre amis, la location saisonnière est la solution d'hébergement la plus économique pour partir en vacances à plusieurs. Pour le même prix qu'une simple chambre d'hôtel, vous pourrez louer une magnifique villa avec piscine et bénéficier ainsi d'un grand espace avec toute le confort nécessaire, le tout dans une ambiance conviviale. Tout est fait sur place pour que vous vous sentiez comme chez vous et que vous ne manquiez de rien. En plus de pouvoir choisir votre location vacances parmi un large choix de destinations vacances dans le monde (à la mer, à la montagne, à la campagne ou dans les grandes villes), vous aurez également l'embarras du choix en ce qui concerne le type de logement. Il y en a pour tous les goûts, de la location la plus traditionnelle à la plus luxueuse, en passant par les locations les plus insolites ou les plus pittoresques. Laissez vous tenter par la location vacances, vous n'en reviendrez pas déçus !
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Il singolar essere

La Coccinella, Cutigliano, Italy
-Tutte le mie foto hanno pieno diritto d'autore e non possono essere copiate, pubblicate, utilizzate o ridistribuite senza il mio consenso scritto ai sensi della Legge 633/41 e successive modifiche, e ai sensi del Trattato Internazionale di Berna sul Diritto d'Autore. La menzione del nome dell'autore e' obbligatoria, ai sensi del DPR 19/79. -All my photos have full copyright and may not be copied, printed, used or redistributed without my writing consent. Law 633/41 and Presidential Decree 19/79.
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The Red Sea at Aqaba, Jordan - March 2012

Sharm El Sheikh Dolphins, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea The Red Sea (alternatively Arabian Gulf[1] or Gulf of Arabia[2][3]) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 mi²).[4][5] It is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[6] On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ( 27°57′N 34°36′E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula]. On the South. A line joining Husn Murad ( 12°40′N 43°30′E) and Ras Siyan ( 12°29′N 43°20′E). Name Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα) and Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) or Baḥr Al-Qalzam(بحر القلزم), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[7] A theory favored by some modern scholars[who?] is that the name red is referring to the direction South, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to North. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[8] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[9] The association of the Red Sea with the Biblical account of the Israelite Crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Hebrew Yam Suph (ים סוף) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). (See also the more recent suggestion that the Yam Suph of the Exodus refers to a Sea of Reeds). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars. History The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by Ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[10] The Biblical Book of Exodus tells the story of the Israelites' miraculous crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph. Yam Suph is traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt. Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds. In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[11] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India. The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[12] During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the Spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden.[13] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed this waters. In 1798, France ordered General Bonaparte to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable. Oceanography The Red Sea lies between arid land, desert and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation water in the north and relatively hot water in the south. The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents. The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells, often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[14] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, and there were plans to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere. Salinity The Red Sea is one of the most saline bodies of water in the world, due to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part due to the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, due mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5 % actual dissolved salts.) In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors: 1.High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation. 2.Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea. 3.Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity. Tidal range In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi) whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan. Current In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s). Wind regime With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph), the rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward. Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds. Geology The Red Sea was formed by Arabia splitting from Africa due to movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[15] Sometimes during the Tertiary period the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be: •A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava. •The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages due to much water being locked up in the ice caps. A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007 Jabal al-Tair island, in the Bab el Mandeb strait, erupted violently. An eruption among the nearby Zubair islands followed in 2011.[16] Mineral resources In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: •Biogenic constituents: Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils •Volcanogenic constituents: Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites •Terrigenous constituents: Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals •Authigenic minerals: Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony. •Evaporite minerals: Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite •Brine precipitate: Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite. Living resources The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[17] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[18] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[17] The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of red sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark. The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts. Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[19] Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes. Desalination plants There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.[20] The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea. Security The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Piracy in Somalia occurs principally near the area of the Gulf of Aden south of the sea. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan. Facts and figures •Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets •Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea) •Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen) •Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi) •Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft) •Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft) •Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi) •Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi) •Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep. •About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough. •Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs •Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m/1,640 ft) •Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ 1,000 m/3,281 ft; some deeps may exceed 2,500 m/8,202 ft) Tourism The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers, Dolphin Reef and Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi. The Red Sea became known as a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the western shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-El-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera. The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including one fatal one. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum the waters just offshore to present shark-photo opportunities, and reports of passing ships throwing dead livestock overboard. Furthermore the geography of some parts of the Red Sea is such that large sharks can sometimes wander close to shore. This is due to the sea's narrow width, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all of which combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. Bordering countries The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: •Eastern shore: o Saudi Arabia o Yemen •Western shore: o Egypt o Sudan o Eritrea o Djibouti The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia and Ethiopia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[21][22] Towns and cities Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include: • Al Hudaydah (الحديدة) • Al Lith (الليِّث) • Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة) • Al-Qusair (القصير) • Al Wajh (الوجه) • Aqaba (العقبة) • Asseb (ዓሳብ) • Dahab (دهب) • Duba (ضباء) • Eilat (אילת) • El Gouna (الجونة) • El Suweis (السويس) • / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed) • Haql (حقل) • Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ) • Hurghada (الغردقة) • Jeddah (جدة) • Jazan (جازان) • Marsa Alam (مرسى علم) • Massawa (ምጽዋ) • Nuweiba (نويبع) • Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا) • Port Sudan (بورت سودان) • Rabigh (رابغ) • Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ) • Soma Bay (سوما باي) • Suakin (سواكن) • Taba (طابا) • Thuwal (ثول) • Yanbu (ينبع)
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Santo Stefano di Sessanio

Blue World Club, Abbiategrasso, Italy
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79 M - Lateral derecho de la estacion

Baccus Vineyards Biking, Chacras de Coria, Argentina
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Nepal - Himalaya - Machapuchare (Fish Tail Mountain) - 206d

Under Pressure, Taganga, Colombia
6,993 m - Machapuchare, "Fish Tail" in English, is a mountain in the Annapurna Himal of north central Nepal. It is revered by the local population as particularly sacred to the god Shiva, and hence is off limits to climbing. Machhapuchhre is at the end of a long spur ridge, coming south out of the main backbone of the Annapurna Himal, that forms the eastern boundary of the Annapurna Sanctuary. (The Sanctuary is a favorite trekking destination, and the site of the base camps for the South Face of Annapurna and for numerous smaller objectives.) The peak is about 25 km north of Pokhara, the main town of the region. Machapuchare has never been climbed to its summit. The only attempt was in 1957 by a British team led by Jimmy Roberts. Climbers Wilfrid Noyce and A. D. M. Cox climbed to within 50 m of the summit via the north ridge, but did not complete the ascent; they had promised not to set foot on the actual summit. Since then, the mountain has been declared sacred, and it is now forbidden to climbers. ______________________ The Himalayas or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/) is a mountain range in the Indian subcontinent, which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. Geopolitically, it covers the Himalayan states and regions. This range is home to nine of the ten highest peaks on Earth, including the highest above sea level, Mount Everest. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Dharmic religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges and on the east by the Indian states of Sikkim, the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayas together form the "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region" (HKH). The western anchor of the Himalayas, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus River; the eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayas span five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan, the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range. Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a 2,400-kilometre-long arc. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost, along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching 1000 m in altitude, is the Sivalik Hills. Further north is a higher range, reaching 2000–3000 m, known as the Lower Himalayan Range. Three of the world's major rivers (the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra) arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Their combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people. ETYMOLOGY The name Himālaya is from Sanskrit: hima (snow) + ālaya (dwelling), and literally means "abode of snow" ECOLOGY The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms. The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet. GEOLOGY The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision. During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian plate) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean. Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time. During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres. While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C colder than it is today. HYDROLOGY The Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres. In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems: - The western rivers, of which the Indus is the largest, combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others. - Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans. The easternmost Himalayan rivers feed the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers. In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons. LAKES The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in central Tibet, are amongst the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Other notable lakes include She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres. IMPACT ON CLIMATE The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. RELIGIOUS OF THE REGION In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the god Himavat, father of Ganga and Parvati. Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse. RESOURCES The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants - root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark - are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms, and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered. Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such (Gupta and Sharma, vii). Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region (Gupta and Sharma, 5). The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally (Earth Island Journal, 2). This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct. Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon (Mohita, sec. Forest and Wealth). The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct (Admin, sec. Flora and Fauna). The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains (Mohita, sec. Minerals). CULTURE There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati (Gupta and Sharma, 4). The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 78). The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display unique colors and patterns that coincide with their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 79). WIKIPEDIA
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Nepal - Himalaya - Annapurna Mountains - 221

Under Pressure, Taganga, Colombia
The Himalayas or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/) is a mountain range in the Indian subcontinent, which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. Geopolitically, it covers the Himalayan states and regions. This range is home to nine of the ten highest peaks on Earth, including the highest above sea level, Mount Everest. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Dharmic religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges and on the east by the Indian states of Sikkim, the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayas together form the "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region" (HKH). The western anchor of the Himalayas, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus River; the eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayas span five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan, the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range. Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a 2,400-kilometre-long arc. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost, along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching 1000 m in altitude, is the Sivalik Hills. Further north is a higher range, reaching 2000–3000 m, known as the Lower Himalayan Range. Three of the world's major rivers (the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra) arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Their combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people. ETYMOLOGY The name Himālaya is from Sanskrit: hima (snow) + ālaya (dwelling), and literally means "abode of snow" ECOLOGY The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms. The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet. GEOLOGY The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision. During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian plate) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean. Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time. During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres. While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C colder than it is today. HYDROLOGY The Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres. In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems: - The western rivers, of which the Indus is the largest, combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others. - Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans. The easternmost Himalayan rivers feed the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers. In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons. LAKES The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in central Tibet, are amongst the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Other notable lakes include She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres. IMPACT ON CLIMATE The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. RELIGIOUS OF THE REGION In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the god Himavat, father of Ganga and Parvati. Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse. RESOURCES The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants - root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark - are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms, and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered. Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such (Gupta and Sharma, vii). Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region (Gupta and Sharma, 5). The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally (Earth Island Journal, 2). This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct. Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon (Mohita, sec. Forest and Wealth). The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct (Admin, sec. Flora and Fauna). The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains (Mohita, sec. Minerals). CULTURE There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati (Gupta and Sharma, 4). The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 78). The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display unique colors and patterns that coincide with their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 79). WIKIPEDIA
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Nepal - Pokhara - In The Mountains - 218

Under Pressure, Taganga, Colombia
The Himalayas or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/) is a mountain range in the Indian subcontinent, which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. Geopolitically, it covers the Himalayan states and regions. This range is home to nine of the ten highest peaks on Earth, including the highest above sea level, Mount Everest. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Dharmic religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges and on the east by the Indian states of Sikkim, the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayas together form the "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region" (HKH). The western anchor of the Himalayas, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus River; the eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayas span five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan, the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range. Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a 2,400-kilometre-long arc. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost, along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching 1000 m in altitude, is the Sivalik Hills. Further north is a higher range, reaching 2000–3000 m, known as the Lower Himalayan Range. Three of the world's major rivers (the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra) arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Their combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people. ETYMOLOGY The name Himālaya is from Sanskrit: hima (snow) + ālaya (dwelling), and literally means "abode of snow" ECOLOGY The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms. The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet. GEOLOGY The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision. During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian plate) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean. Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time. During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres. While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C colder than it is today. HYDROLOGY The Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres. In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems: - The western rivers, of which the Indus is the largest, combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others. - Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans. The easternmost Himalayan rivers feed the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers. In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons. LAKES The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in central Tibet, are amongst the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Other notable lakes include She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres. IMPACT ON CLIMATE The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. RELIGIOUS OF THE REGION In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the god Himavat, father of Ganga and Parvati. Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse. RESOURCES The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants - root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark - are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms, and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered. Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such (Gupta and Sharma, vii). Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region (Gupta and Sharma, 5). The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally (Earth Island Journal, 2). This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct. Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon (Mohita, sec. Forest and Wealth). The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct (Admin, sec. Flora and Fauna). The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains (Mohita, sec. Minerals). CULTURE There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati (Gupta and Sharma, 4). The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153). The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 78). The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display unique colors and patterns that coincide with their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 79). WIKIPEDIA
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Meow Meow..M Cat At Work

Route 90, Ein Bokek, Israel
Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) or 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include drone,[5] M-CAT,[6] and meow meow.[7] It is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine. In addition to its stimulant effects, mephedrone produces side effects, of which teeth grinding is the most common. The metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats and humans and the metabolites can be detected in urine after usage. Despite similarities to known neurotoxins such as methamphetamine and cathinone derivatives, mephedrone does not appear to produce neurotoxic effects in the dopamine system of mice.[8] Mephedrone was first synthesised in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. By 2007, mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010, it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. In 2010, it was made illegal in many European countries and in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal. In Australia, New Zealand and the USA, it is considered an analog of other illegal drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the Federal Analog Act. In September 2011, the USA temporarily classified mephedrone as illegal, in effect from October 2011. Mephedrone is one of hundreds of designer drugs or legal highs that have been reported in recent years, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semisynthetic substances such as methylhexanamine. These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label of designer drugs.[9] According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, the synthesis of mephedrone was first reported in 1929 by Saem de Burnaga Sanchez in the Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, under the name "toluyl-alpha-monomethylaminoethylcetone",[1]:17[10] but the compound remained an obscure product of academia until 2003, when it was "re-discovered" and publicised by an underground chemist on The Hive website, working under the pseudonym "Kinetic".[11] Kinetic posted on the site, "I’ve been bored over the last couple of days and had a few fun reagents lying around, so I thought I’d try and make some 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropanone hydrochloride, or 4-methylmethcathinone." before going on to describe that after taking it, the user had a "fantastic sense of well-being that I haven’t got from any drug before except my beloved Ecstasy."[12] In interviews Kinetic was described as "a mathematician who used to design sleeping pills for a major pharmaceutical company" and he stated that he was based in Israel when he rediscovered mephedrone.[13][14] A drug similar to mephedrone, containing cathinone, was sold legally in Israel from around 2004, under the name hagigat. When this was made illegal, the cathinone was modified and the new products were sold by the Israeli company, Neorganics.[15][16][17] The products had names such as Neodoves pills, but the range was discontinued in January 2008 after the Israeli government made mephedrone illegal.[5][18][19] The Psychonaut Research Project, an EU organisation that searches the internet for information regarding new drugs, first identified mephedrone in 2008. Their research suggested the drug first became available to purchase on the internet in 2007, when it was also discussed on internet forums.[9][20] Mephedrone was first seized in France in May 2007, after police sent a tablet they assumed to be ecstasy to be analysed, with the discovery published in a paper titled "Is 4-methylephedrone, an "Ecstasy" of the twenty first century?"[21] Mephedrone was reported as having been sold as ecstasy in the Australian city of Cairns, along with ethylcathinone, in 2008.[22][23] An annual survey of regular ecstasy users in Australia in 2010 found 21% of those surveyed had used mephedrone, with 17% having done so in the previous six months. The price they paid per gram varied from A$16 to $320.[3] Europol noted they became aware of it in 2008, after it was found in Denmark, Finland and the UK.[24] The Drug Enforcement Administration noted it was present in the United States in July 2009.[25] By May 2010, mephedrone had been detected in all 22 EU member states that reported to Europol, as well as in Croatia and Norway.[1]:21 The Daily Telegraph reported in April 2009 that it was manufactured in China, but it has since been made illegal there.[26][27] In March 2009, Druglink magazine reported it only cost a "couple of hundred pounds" to synthesise a kilogram of mephedrone,[15] the same month, The Daily Telegraph reported manufacturers were making "huge amounts of money" from selling it.[28] In January 2010, Druglink magazine reported dealers in Britain spent £2,500 to ship one kilogram from China, but could sell it for £10 a gram, making a profit of £7,500.[12][29] A later report, in March 2010, stated the wholesale price of mephedrone was £4000 per kilogram.[30] In March 2011, the International Narcotics Control Board published a report about designer drugs, noting mephedrone was by then being used recreationally in Europe, North America, Southeast Asia, New Zealand and Australia.[31][32] In the UK[edit] The number of samples analysed by the Forensic Science Service of seized MDMA, piperazines and cathinones between the third quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2010: MDMA seizures in blue, piperazine seizures in orange and cathinone seizures in purple[33] Between the summer of 2009 and March 2010, the use of mephedrone grew rapidly in the UK, with it becoming readily available at music festivals, head shops and on the internet.[34] A survey of Mixmag readers in 2009, found it was the fourth most popular street drug in the United Kingdom, behind cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy.[30] The drug was used by a diverse range of social groups. Whilst the evidence was anecdotal, researchers, charity workers, teachers and users reported widespread and increasing use of the drug in 2009. The drug's rapid growth in popularity was believed to be related to both its availability and legality.[34] Fiona Measham, a criminologist at The University of Lancaster, thought the emergence of mephedrone was also related to the decreasing purity of ecstasy and cocaine on sale in the UK,[34] a view reinforced in a report by the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse.[35] The average cocaine purity fell from 60% in 1999 to 22% in 2009 and about half of ecstasy pills seized in 2009 contained no MDMA,[36] and by June 2010 almost all ecstasy pills seized in the UK contained no MDMA.[37] A similar pattern was observed in the Netherlands, with the number of ecstasy tablets containing no MDMA rising from 10% in mid-2008 to 60% by mid-2009, with mephedrone being detected in 20% of ecstasy tablets by mid-2009.[38] The decrease of MDMA was thought to be partly due to the seizure of 33 tonnes of sassafras oil, the precursor to MDMA, in Cambodia in June 2008, which could have been used to make 245 million doses of MDMA.[12] According to John Ramsey, a toxicologist at St George's, University of London, the emergence of mephedrone was also related to the UK government banning the benzylpiperazine class of drugs in December 2009.[15][39] gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL), another previously "legal high", was also banned in August 2009 despite concerns it would be replaced by other drugs.[40] By December 2009 mephedrone was available on at least 31 websites based in the UK and by March 2010 there were at least 78 online shops, half of which sold amounts of less than 200 grams and half that also sold bulk quantities. The price per gram varied from £9.50 to £14.[1]:11 Between July 2009 and February 2010, UK health professionals accessed the National Poisons Information Service '​s (NPIS) entry on mephedrone 1664 times and made 157 telephone inquiries; the requests increased month on month over this period. In comparison over a similar time period, the entries for cocaine and MDMA were accessed approximately 2400 times.[41] After mephedrone was made illegal the number of inquiries to the NPIS fell substantially, to only 19 in June 2010.[42] Media organisations including the BBC and The Guardian incorrectly reported mephedrone was commonly used as a plant fertiliser. In fact sellers of the drug described it as "plant food" because it was illegal to sell the compound for human consumption.[36] In late 2009 UK newspapers began referring to the drug as meow or miaow (sometimes doubled as meow meow or miaow miaow), a name that was almost unknown on the street at the time.[43] In November 2009, the tabloid newspaper, The Sun published a story stating that a man had ripped off his own scrotum whilst using mephedrone.[44] The story was later shown to be an online joke posted on mephedrone.com, later included in a police report with the caveat that it could be unreliable. The police report was used as a source for the story in The Sun.[45][46] Other myths the media often repeated during 2010 were that mephedrone had led to the deaths of over 20 people, teachers were unable to confiscate the drug from pupils and the government was too slow to ban the drug.[47] Parallels were drawn between the media coverage of mephedrone and a piece of satire by Chris Morris in 1997 on Brass Eye when he tricked public figures into talking of the dangers of taking the fictional legal drug "cake".[46] The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) have suggested that the media coverage of the drug led to its increased usage.[48] Jon Silverman, a former BBC Home Affairs Correspondent, has written two articles discussing how the media had a strong influence over the UK government's drugs policy, particularly in that the government wished to demonstrate they were being "tough" on drugs.[40][49] A survey of 1000 secondary school pupils and university students in Tayside conducted in February 2010 found 20% of them had previously taken mephedrone. Although at the time it was available legally over the internet, only 10% of users reported purchasing it online, with most purchasing it from street dealers. Of those who had used mephedrone, 97% said it was easy or very easy to obtain. Around 50% of users reported at least one negative effect associated with the use of mephedrone, of which teeth grinding is the most common.[50] Detailed interviews with users in Northern Ireland similarly found that few purchased mephedrone online, with most interviewees citing concerns that their address would be traced or that family members could intercept the package.[9] On 30 March 2010, Alan Johnson, the then Home Secretary, announced mephedrone would be made illegal "within weeks" after the ACMD sent him a report on the use of cathinones.[51][52] The legislation would make all cathinones illegal, which Johnson said would "stop unscrupulous manufacturers and others peddling different but similarly harmful drugs".[53] The ACMD had run into problems with the UK Government in 2009 regarding drugs policy, after the government did not follow the advice of the ACMD to reclassify ecstasy and cannabis, culminating in the dismissal of the ACMD chairman, David Nutt, after he reiterated the ACMD's findings in an academic lecture.[54] Several members resigned after he was sacked, and prior to the announcement that mephedrone was to be banned, the trend continued when Dr Polly Taylor resigned, saying she "did not have trust" in the way the government would use the advice given by the ACMD.[55] Eric Carlin, a member of the ACMD and former chairman of the English Drug Education Forum, also resigned after the announcement. He said the decision by the Home Secretary was "unduly based on media and political pressure" and there was "little or no discussion about how our recommendation to classify this drug would be likely to impact on young people's behaviour."[56] Some former members of the ACMD and various charity groups expressed concern over the banning of the drug, arguing it would inevitably criminalise users, particularly young people.[57] Others expressed concern that the drug would be left in the hands of black market dealers, who will only compound the problem.[58] Carlin's resignation was specifically linked to the criminalisation of mephedrone, he stated: "We need to review our entire approach to drugs, dumping the idea that legally-sanctioned punishments for drug users should constitute a main part of the armoury in helping to solve our country’s drug problems. We need to stop harming people who need help and support".[59] The parliamentary debate was held on 8 April, one day after the 2010 general election had been announced, meaning it was during the so-called "wash-up period" when legislation is passed with little scrutiny. Only one hour was spent debating the ban and all three parties agreed, meaning no vote was required.[60] In an interview conducted in July 2010, when he was no longer a minister, Johnson admitted the decision to ban mephedrone was sped up after widespread reporting of deaths caused by the drug, and because the government wished to pass the law before parliament was dissolved prior to the upcoming general election.[40] In January 2011, however, Johnson told the Scunthorpe Telegraph that the decision was based only on information from the ACMD.[61] An editorial in the April 2010 edition of The Lancet questioned the decision to ban mephedrone, saying the ACMD did not have enough evidence to judge the potential harms caused by mephedrone and arguing that policy makers should have sought to understand why young people took it and how they could be influenced to not take it.[48] Evan Harris, then the Liberal Democrat science spokesman, stated the ACMD "was not 'legally constituted'" as required by the Misuse of Drugs Act, when the report on cathinones was published, since after Taylor resigned, it lacked a veterinary surgeon.[53] In the rush to make mephedrone illegal, the act that was passed specified the inactive enantiomer of mephedrone, leaving the active form legal until the loophole was closed in February 2011 by another act of parliament.[62] In Chemistry World, John Mann, professor of chemistry at Queen's University Belfast, suggested the UK create a law similar to the Federal Analog Act of the United States, which would have made mephedrone illegal as an analog of cathinone.[63] In August 2010, James Brokenshire, the Home Office drugs minister, announced plans to create a new category in the Misuse of Drugs Act, through the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill, that would allow new legal highs to be made temporarily illegal, without the need for a vote in parliament or advice from the ACMD, as was required to categorise mephedrone.[64][65][66] According to the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, after mephedrone was made illegal, a street trade in the drug emerged, with prices around double those prior to the ban, at £20–£25 per gram.[67] In September 2010, Druglink reported the ban had had a mixed effect on mephedrone use, with it decreasing in some areas, remaining similar in others and becoming more prevalent in some areas.[68] In an online survey of 150 users after the ban, 63% said they were continuing to use mephedrone, half of those used the same amount and half said they used less. Compared to previous surveys, more users purchased it from dealers, rather than the internet. The average price per gram was £16, compared to around £10 before the ban.[69] The 2010 Mixmag survey of 2500 nightclubbers found one-quarter had used mephedrone in the previous month, the price had roughly doubled since it was made illegal, and it was more likely to be cut with other substances.[70] Of those who had already used mephedrone prior to the ban, 75% had continued to use it after the ban. Of the various drugs used by the survey participants, users were more likely to have concerns about it.[71] Interviews with users in Northern Ireland also found the price had roughly doubled since it was made illegal, to around £30 a gram. Rather than the price rising due to increased scarcity of the drug, it is thought to have risen for two other reasons. Firstly, dealers knew there was still demand for mephedrone, but were aware the supplies may be exhausted in the future. Secondly, the dealers perceived customers were likely to be willing to pay more for an illegal substance.[9] Professor Shiela Bird, a statistician at the Medical Research Council, suggested the ban of mephedrone may lead to more cocaine-related deaths. In the first six months of 2009, the number of cocaine-related deaths fell for the first time in four years, and fewer soldiers tested positive for cocaine in 2009 than in 2008. She suggested this may have been due to users switching to mephedrone from cocaine, but cautioned that before full figures are available for 2009 and 2010, it will be difficult to determine whether mephedrone saved lives, rather than cost them.[72][73] Other supposedly legal drugs have filled the gap in the market since mephedrone was made illegal, including naphyrone (NRG-1) (since made illegal)[74] and Ivory Wave, which has been found to contain MDPV, a compound made illegal at the same time as mephedrone. However, some products branded as Ivory Wave possibly do not contain MDPV.[75] When tested, some products sold six weeks after mephedrone was banned, advertised as NRG-1, NRG-2 and MDAI, were found to be mephedrone.[76] A Drugscope survey of drugs workers at the end of 2012 reported that mephedrone use was still widespread in the UK and that there increasing reports of problematic users. It was being taken as not only a "poor man's cocaine" but also amongst users of heroin and crack cocaine. Cases of intravenous use were also reported to be on the increase.[77] Effects[edit] No formal published studies have been conducted into the psychological and/or behavioural effects of mephedrone on humans, nor on animals (from which the potential effects might be extrapolated). As a result, the only information available comes from users themselves and clinical reports of acute mephedrone toxicity.[1]:12 Psychologists at Liverpool John Moores University were to conduct research into the effects of mephedrone on up to 50 students already using the drug, when it was still legal in the UK.[78] At the time the study was proposed, Les Iversen, the chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs called the experiments "pretty unethical".[79] The study was discontinued in August 2010, following the change in the legal status of the drug.[80] Intended effects[edit] Users have reported that mephedrone causes euphoria, stimulation, an enhanced appreciation for music, an elevated mood, decreased hostility, improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation; these effects are similar to the effects of cocaine, amphetamines and MDMA, and last different amounts of time, depending on the way the drug is taken. When taken orally, users reported they could feel the effects within 15–45 minutes; when snorted, the effects were felt within minutes and peaked within half an hour. The effects last for between two and three hours when taken orally or nasally, but only half an hour if taken intravenously.[1]:12 Of 70 Dutch users of mephedrone, 58 described it as an overall pleasant experience and 12 described it as an unpleasant experience.[38] In a survey of UK users who had previously taken cocaine, most users found it produced a better-quality and longer-lasting high, was less addictive and carried the same risk as using cocaine.[2] Side effects[edit] The ECMDDA reported mephedrone can cause various unintended side effects including: dilated pupils,[81] poor concentration, teeth grinding, problems focusing visually, poor short-term memory, hallucinations, delusions, and erratic behaviour.[1]:13 They noted the most severe effects appear anecdotally to be linked with high doses or prolonged usage, and the effects may be due to users taking other intoxicants at the same time. Other effects users in internet forums have noted include changes in body temperature, increased heart rate, breathing difficulties, loss of appetite, increased sweating, discolouration of extremities, anxiety, paranoia and depression.[1]:13 When snorted, it can also cause nose bleeds and nose burns.[1]:13[82] A survey conducted by the National Addiction Centre, UK, found 67% of mephedrone users experienced sweating, 51% suffered from headaches, 43% from heart palpitations, 27% from nausea and 15% from cold or blue fingers,[83] indicative of vasoconstriction occurring.[41] Doctors at Guy's Hospital, London reported, of 15 patients they treated after taking mephedrone in 2009, 53% were agitated, 40% had increased heart rates, 20% had systolic hypertension and 20% had seizures; three required treatment with benzodiazepines, predominantly to control their agitation. They reported none of their patients suffered from cold or blue peripheries, contrary to other reports. Nine of the 15 of patients had a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of 15, indicating they were in a normal mental state, four had a GCS below 8, but these patients all reported using a central nervous system depressant, most commonly GHB, with mephedrone. The patients also reported polydrug use of a variety of compounds.[84] Long-term effects[edit] Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of the drug due to the short history of its use.[83] BBC News reported one person who used the drug for 18 months became dependent on the drug, in the end using it twice a week, and had to be admitted to a psychiatric unit after he started experiencing hallucinations, agitation, excitability and mania.[1]:13[85] Typical use and consumption[edit] Mephedrone can come in the form of capsules, tablets or white powder that users may swallow, snort, inject, smoke or use rectally.[1]:12[2][3] It is sometimes sold mixed with methylone in a product called bubbles in the UK[86] and also mixed with other cathinones, including ethcathinone, butylone, fluoromethcathinone and methedrone.[1]:9 The Guardian reported some users compulsively redose, consuming their whole supply when they only meant to use a small dose,[87] and there have been other similar reports of users craving mephedrone, suggesting it may be addictive.[1]:13[38] A survey conducted in late 2009 by the National Addiction Centre (UK) found 41.3% of readers of Mixmag had used mephedrone in the last month, making it the fourth most popular drug amongst clubbers. Of those, two-thirds snorted the drug and the average dosage per session was 0.9 g; the length of sessions increased as the dosage increased. Users who snorted the drug reported using more per session than those who took it orally (0.97 g compared to 0.74 g) and also reported using it more often (five days per month compared to three days per month).[2] An Irish study of people on a methadone treatment program for heroin addicts found 29 of 209 patients tested positive for mephedrone usage.[88] A study of users in Northern Ireland found they did not equate the fact that mephedrone was legal with it being safe to use. This was contrary to another study in New Zealand, where users of benzylpiperazine thought that because it was legal, it was safe.[9] Harm reduction[edit] See also: Harm reduction and Responsible drug use The drugs advice charity Lifeline recommends that to reduce the potential harm caused by using mephedrone, users should only use mephedrone occasionally (less than weekly), use less than 0.5 g per session, dose orally rather than snorting the drug, and avoid mixing it with alcohol and other drugs. Users should also drink plenty of water at sensible intervals while taking the drug, as it causes dehydration.[89] Pharmacology[edit] The pharmacology and toxicology of mephedrone had not been studied in detail until well after its sale as a designer drug and its addition to controlled drug lists in many countries.[90][91] Writing in the British Medical Journal, psychiatrists stated, given its chemical structure, "mephedrone is likely to stimulate the release of, and then inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters".[81] The cathinone derivatives methcathinone and methylone act in a similar way to amphetamines, mainly acting on catecholamine transporters, so mephedrone is expected also to act in this way. The actions of amphetamines and cathinones are determined by the differences in how they bind to noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin transporters.[90] Molecular modelling of mephedrone suggests it is more hydrophilic than methyl-amphetamines, which may account for the higher doses required to achieve a similar effect, because mephedrone is less able to cross the blood–brain barrier.[1]:12[92] Mephedrone has a chiral centre, so exists in two forms, called enantiomers; the S form is thought to be more potent than the R form, because this applies to cathinone.[90] Professor David Nutt, former chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) in the UK has said, "people are better off taking ecstasy or amphetamines than those [drugs] we know nothing about" and "Who knows what's in [mephedrone] when you buy it? We don't have a testing system. It could be very dangerous, we just don't know. These chemicals have never been put into animals, let alone humans."[93] Les King, a former member of the ACMD, has stated mephedrone appears to be less potent than amphetamine and ecstasy, but that any benefit associated with this could be negated by users taking larger amounts. He also told the BBC, "all we can say is [mephedrone] is probably as harmful as ecstasy and amphetamines and wait until we have some better scientific evidence to support that."[94] Several articles published near the end of 2011 examined the effects of mephedrone, compared to the similar drugs MDMA and amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats, as well as examining the reinforcing potential of mephedrone. Dopamine and serotonin were collected using microdialysis, and increases in dopamine and serotonin were measured using HPLC. Reward and drug seeking are linked to increases in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, and drug half-life plays a role in drug seeking, as well. Based on histological examination, most of the author's probes were in the nucleus accumbens shell. Mephedrone administration caused about a 500% increase in dopamine, and about a 950% increase in serotonin. They reached their peak concentrations at 40 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively, and returned to baseline by 120 minutes after injection. In comparison, MDMA caused a roughly 900% increase in serotonin at 40 minutes, with an insignificant increase in dopamine. Amphetamine administration resulted in about a 400% increase in dopamine, peaking at 40 minutes, with an insignificant increase in serotonin. Analysis of the ratio of the AUC for dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) indicated mephedrone was preferentially a serotonin releaser, with a ratio of 1.22:1 (serotonin vs. dopamine). Additionally, half-lives for the decrease in DA and 5-HT were calculated for each drug. Mephedrone had decay rates of 24.5 minutes and 25.5 minutes, respectively. MDMA had decay values of 302.5 minutes and 47.9 minutes, respectively, while amphetamine values were 51 minutes and 84.1 minutes, respectively. Taken together, these findings show mephedrone induces a massive increase in both DA and 5-HT, combined with rapid clearance. The rapid rise and subsequent fall of DA levels could explain some of the addictive properties mephedrone displays in some users.[95][96] Metabolism[edit] Based on the analysis of rat and human urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, mephedrone is thought to be metabolised by three phase 1 pathways. It can be demethylated to the primary amine (producing compounds 2, 3 and 5), the ketone group can be reduced (producing 3) or the tolyl group can be oxidised (producing 6). Both 5 and 6 are thought to be further metabolised by conjugation to the glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. Knowledge of the primary routes of metabolism should allow the intake of mephedrone to be confirmed by drug tests, as well as more accurate determination of the causes of side effects and potential for toxicity.[97] Deaths[edit] Sweden[edit] In 2008, an 18-year-old Swedish woman died in Stockholm after taking mephedrone. The newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported the woman went into convulsions and turned blue in the face.[104] Doctors reported she was comatose and suffering from hyponatremia and severe hypokalemia; the woman died one and a half days after the onset of symptoms. An autopsy showed severe brain swelling.[105] Mephedrone was scheduled to be classified as a "dangerous substance" in Sweden even before the woman's death at Karolinska University Hospital on 14 December, but the death brought more media attention to the drug. The possession of mephedrone became classified as a criminal offence in Sweden on 15 December 2008.[104] UK[edit] In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.[106] The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old, John Sterling Smith,[107] who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.[108] A report in Forensic Science International in August 2010 stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland. Post mortem samples showed the concentration of mephedrone in their blood was 22 mg/l in one case and 3.3 mg/l in the other.[109] The death of a teenager in the UK in November 2009 was widely reported as being caused by mephedrone, but a report by the coroner concluded she had died from natural causes.[46] In March 2010, the deaths of two teenagers in Scunthorpe were widely reported by the media to be caused by mephedrone. Toxicology reports showed the teenagers had not taken any mephedrone and had died as a result of consuming alcohol and the heroin substitute methadone.[108][110] According to Fiona Measham, a criminologist who is a member of the ACMD, the reporting of the unconfirmed deaths by newspapers followed "the usual cycle of ‘exaggeration, distortion, inaccuracy and sensationalism'" associated with the reporting of recreational drug use.[34] USA[edit] Mephedrone has been implicated in the death of a 22-year-old male, who had also injected black tar heroin. Mephedrone was found in his blood at a concentration of 0.50 mg/l and in his urine at a concentration of 198 mg/l. The blood concentration of morphine, a metabolite of heroin, was 0.06 mg/l.[111] For comparison, the average blood morphine concentration resulting from deadly overdoses involving only heroin is around 0.34 mg/l.[112] Chemistry[edit] Appearance[edit] Mephedrone is a white substance. It is sold most commonly as crystals or a powder, but also in the form of capsules or pills.[21][94] It can have a distinctive odour, reported to range from a synthetic fishy smell[113] to the smell of vanilla and bleach, stale urine, or electric circuit boards.[114] Synthesis[edit] Mephedrone can be synthesised in several ways. The simplest method, due to the availability of the compounds,[1]:17 is to add 4-methylpropiophenone dissolved in glacial acetic acid to bromine, creating an oil fraction of 4'-methyl-2-bromopropiophenone. The oil fraction can then be dissolved in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and drops of the solution added to another solution of CH2Cl2-containing methylamine hydrochloride and triethylamine. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is then added and the aqueous layer is removed and turned alkaline using sodium hydroxide before the amine is extracted using CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 is then evaporated using a vacuum, creating an oil which is then dissolved in a nonaqueous ether. Finally, HCl gas is bubbled through the mixture to produce 4-methylmethcathinone hydrochloride.[18] This method produces a mixture of both enantiomers and requires similar knowledge to that required to synthesise amphetamines and MDMA.[1]:17 Mephedrone synthesis scheme from 4-methylpropiophenone It can also be produced by oxidising the ephedrine analogue 4-methylephedrine using potassium permanganate dissolved in sulfuric acid. Because 4-methylephedrine can be obtained in a specific enantiomeric form, mephedrone consisting of only one enantiomer can be produced. The danger associated with this method is it may cause manganese poisoning if the product is not correctly purified.[1]:17 A stereospecific form of (S)-mephedrone could be prepared via Friedel–Crafts acylation. The first step in the synthesis would be to react toluene and (S)-N-trifluoroacetylalanoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride, then deprotect the intermediate with hydrochloric acid-propyl alcohol. This would produce (S)-4-methylcathinone, which could then be methylated to produce mephedrone.[90][115] Purity[edit] One published study that analysed samples of mephedrone bought using the internet in the UK in 2010 found it was racemic (a mixture of both stereoisomers) and of high purity.[92] An unpublished study of six samples also ordered off the internet in the UK in 2010 found they contained very few organic impurities.[116] Four products sold in Irish head shops were tested in 2010 and were found to contain between 82% and 14% mephedrone, with some products containing benzocaine and caffeine.[117] Legal status[edit] A sample of mephedrone that was confiscated in Oregon, USA, 2009 When mephedrone was rediscovered in 2003, it was not specifically illegal to possess in any country. As its use has increased, many countries have passed legislation making its possession, sale, and manufacture illegal. It was first made illegal in Israel, where it had been found in products such as Neodoves pills, in January 2008.[5] After the death of a young woman in Sweden in December 2008 was linked to the use of mephedrone, it was classified as a hazardous substance a few days later, making it illegal to sell in Sweden. In June 2009, it was classified as a narcotic with the possession of 15 grams or more resulting in a minimum of two years in prison – a longer sentence, gram for gram than given for the possession of cocaine or heroin.[118][119] In December 2008, Denmark also made it illegal[120] and through the Medicines Act of Finland, it was made illegal to possess without a prescription.[121] In November 2009, it was classified as a "narcotic or psychotropic" substance and added to the list of controlled substances in Estonia[122] and made illegal to import into Guernsey along with other legal highs,[123] before being classified as a Class B drug in April 2010.[124] It was classified as a Class C drug in Jersey in December 2009.[125] In 2010, as its use became more prevalent, many countries passed legislation prohibiting mephedrone. It became illegal in Croatia[126] and Germany[127] in January, followed by Romania[128] and the Isle of Man in February.[129] In March 2010, it was classified as an unregulated medicine in the Netherlands, making the sale and distribution of it illegal.[130][131] The importation of mephedrone into the UK was banned on 29 March 2010.[132] The next day, the ACMD in the UK published a report on the cathinones, including mephedrone, and recommended they be classified as Class B drugs. On 7 April 2010, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010 was passed by parliament, making mephedrone and other substituted cathinones, Class B drugs from 16 April 2010.[133][134] Prior to the ban taking effect, mephedrone was not covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.[26] It was, though, an offence under the Medicines Act to sell it for human consumption, so it was often sold as "plant food" or "bath salts", although it has no use as these products; this, too, was possibly illegal under the Trade Descriptions Act 1968.[52][82][83] In the USA, similar descriptions have been used to describe mephedrone, as well as methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).[135] In May 2010, the Republic of Ireland made mephedrone illegal,[136][137][138] followed by Belgium,[139] Italy,[140] Lithuania,[141] France[142][143] and Norway[144] in June and Russia in July.[145] In August 2010, Austria[146] and Poland[147] made it illegal and China announced it would be illegal as of 1 September 2010.[27] Mephedrone had been reported to be used in Singapore in February 2010,[148] but it was made illegal in November 2010.[149] In December 2010, following the advice of the EMCDDA, mephedrone was made illegal throughout the EU, a move Switzerland also made shortly afterwards.[150][151] Countries which have not already banned it, such as the Netherlands, Greece and Portugal, will need to change legislation to comply with the EU ruling.[151] In Hungary, a government advisory body recommended mephedrone should be made illegal in August 2010, which was followed, making it illegal in January 2011;[152][153] Spain followed in February 2011.[154] Mexico, by Decree,[155] outlawed mephedrone as a substance "with low or no therapeutical use which pose a serious threat to public health"[156] in 2014. In some countries, mephedrone is not specifically listed as illegal, but is controlled under legislation that makes compounds illegal if they are analogs of drugs already listed. In Australia during 2010, it was not specifically listed as prohibited,[18] but the Australian Federal Police stated it is an analogue to methcathinone and therefore illegal. In February 2010, 22 men were arrested in connection with importing mephedrone.[157] By January 2011, every state in Australia, other than Victoria, had listed it as a controlled drug.[158] In New Zealand, it is not included in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975,[159] but is illegal, as it is similar to controlled substances.[160] In Canada, mephedrone is not explicitly listed in any schedule of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, but "amphetamines, their salts, derivatives, isomers and analogues and salts of derivatives, isomers and analogues" are included in Section 19 of Schedule I of the act. Cathinone and methcathinone are listed in separate sections of Schedule III, while diethylpropion and pyrovalerone (also cathinones), are listed in separate sections of Schedule IV, each without language to capture analogues, isomers, etc.[161] Mephedrone is considered a controlled substance by Health Canada.[162] According to the Canadian Medical Association, mephedrone is grouped with other amphetamines as Schedule I controlled substances.[163] There have been several media reports of the Canadian police seizing mephedrone.[164][165][166] Mephedrone is also currently scheduled in the United States as of 2011. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) states, as an analogue of methcathinone, possession of mephedrone can be controlled by the Federal Analog Act, but according to the Los Angeles Times, this only applies if it is sold for human consumption.[167][168][169] Several cities and states, such as New York,[170] have passed legislation to specifically list mephedrone as illegal, but in most areas it was legal, so long as it is not sold for human consumption, so retailers described it as 'bath salts'.[169] In September 2011, The DEA began using its emergency scheduling authority to temporarily control mephedrone. Except as authorized by law, this action made possessing and selling mephedrone or the products that contain it illegal in the USA for at least one year while the DEA and the United States Department of Health and Human Services conduct further study.[171] Control of these compounds became permanent on 9 July 2012, via passage of the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012.[172]
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Pousada na SP-79 (Tapiraí-SP)

Cachoeira Do Cha, Tapirai, Brazil
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